BOOK IX. 



429 



Other methods for reducing quicksilver are given below. Big-bellied 

 pots, having been placed in the upper rectangular open part of a furnace, 

 are filled with the crushed ore. Each of these pots is covered with a lid 

 with a long nozzle — commonly called a canipaiia — in the shape of a bell, and 

 they are cemented. Each of the small earthenware vessels shaped like a 

 gourd rccei\'es two of these nozzles, and these are likewise cemented. Dried 



A — Pots 



Opercula. C — Nozzles. D — Gourd-sh.^ped earthenware vessels. 



wood having been placed in the lower part of the furnace and kindled, the 

 ore is heated until all the quicksilver has risen into the pperculum which is 

 over the pot ; it then flows from the nozzle and is caught in the earthenware 

 gourd-shaped vessel. 



" should be taken that it does not turn to lead." There can be little doubt from Dioscorides' 

 statement of its turning to lead that he had seen the metal antimony, although he thought it 

 a species of lead. Of further interest in connection with the ancient knowledge of the metal is 

 the Chaldean vase made of antimony described by Berthelot (Comptes Rendiis, 1887, civ, 

 265). It is possible that .A.gricola knew the metal, although he gives no details as to de- 

 sulphurizing it or for recovering the metal itself. In De Natura Fossilium (p. 181) he makes 

 a statement which would indicate the metal, " Siibiitm when melted in the crucible and 

 " refined has as much right to be regarded as a metal as is accorded to lead by most writers. 

 " If when smelted a certain portion be added to tin, a printer's alloy is made from which 

 " type is cast that is used by those who print books." Basil Valentine, in his " Triumphal 

 " Chariot of Antimony," gives a great deal that is new with regard to this metal, even if we 

 can accredit the work with no earlier origin than its publication — about 1600 ; it seems 



