Studies on the Motion of Viscous Flows— 11 



forces which are the immediate manifestations immanent in experience of par- 

 ticular aspects of nonuniformity existing between a body and the universe. Since 

 all free bodies which belong to these various hierarchies (of freedom) are equiv- 

 alent according to the presently established laws of classical mechanics, these 

 laws cannot, in principle, offer conditions which select from among the many 

 actual possibilities these hierarchies afford at each instant a particular one that 

 belongs to a particular hierarchy of freedom. The concept 'hierarchies of free- 

 dom' is a particular aspect of the concept 'hierarchies of uniformity.' 



It is helpful to point out some other equivalent aspects of this concept, be- 

 cause it assumes a crucial role in the statement of a general principle of evo- 

 lution which is in accord with the principle of universal correspondence, and 

 which is consequently understood to operate universally in all natural phenom- 

 ena, including those which belong to the domain of classical mechanics and 

 hydrodynamics. Some equivalent and related aspects of the concept 'hierarchies 

 of uniformity' include: 'hierarchies of symmetry,' 'hierarchies of certainty,' 

 'hierarchies of order,' 'hierarchies of information,' 'hierarchies of compati- 

 bility,' 'hierarchies of harmony,' 'hierarchies of forces,' and 'hierarchies of 

 consistency.' Moreover, in all of these cases, it is important to distinguish be- 

 tween what in each case corresponds to the local aspects of uniformity and what 

 to its global spatial -temporal aspects. It is clear that the established proposi- 

 tions of classical mechanics do not and cannot make such a distinction because 

 the restrictions they impose on mechanical systems apply instantaneously and 

 locally, everywhere as well as for all time. As the conditions they invoke, i.e., 

 that forces be instantaneously in equilibrium everywhere and always, are con- 

 stant and therefore imiform in space and time, they do not implicitly describe 

 or define, nor do they condition the existence and the spatial-temporal evolution 

 of local and global nonimiformity in their various hierarchies. For this reason, 

 the known laws of classical mechanics are inherently devoid of historical thrust, 

 causality, and evolutionary process. 



It is the universal character of all forces in nature, and therefore in partic- 

 ular of those forces which in the classical domain are designated by the symbol 

 F, that facilitates invoking and applying the principle of evolution cited above, 

 in the domain of classical mechanics. The established laws of classical me- 

 chanics, in all of their equivalent formulations, express a particular and re- 

 stricted aspect of the principle of maximum uniformity, an aspect, which as was 

 explained earlier is independent of location and time. These laws consequently 

 express universal propositions, i.e., truths which are necessary in the strictly 

 logical sense, and are therefore not contingent upon space and time. For the 

 same reason, they are, in the sense of Liebniz, logically universal, i.e., neces- 

 sary and analytic. It is important to emphasize in this regard, that these laws 

 refer to a particular and restricted aspect of uniformity which is characterized 

 and defined by the equilibrium of forces, and that they assert that this particular 

 aspect of uniformity is constantly maintained at all locations and is therefore 

 not contingent upon space or time. In other words, the laws of classical me- 

 chanics as well as the particular hierarchy of uniformity to which they refer, 

 viz., the hierarchy characterized by the equilibrium of forces, and which, as 

 laws, they report to be general aspects of nature, are both constant in space and 

 time, and are thus both free of contingency. If we follow this way of thinking, 

 the usual laws of classical mechanics may be conceived as developing in two 



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