100 



POLAR PROBLEMS 



^Si: 



-FcLst-Ice- 





Explanation of Symbols 



on Cross-Sections and Plan 



I ice foot 



t ^'active tidal cracks 



e traces of former active tidal cracks 



Fg coastward part of the fast-ice (between the two tidal cracks) 



that touches bottom in low water 

 Ff outerpartofthefasticethatisconstantly afloat 



' OCT. 



c V e t 



S\\S-s\\\\\S\\\\\\^\\^\\\\\\\\\-s\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \^ ^^^ 



R pressure ridges 



y seaward edge of the fast-ice (belt of pressure ridges or 



poj^nyas, depending on the wind direction) 

 S stamukhi', or stranded hummocks 

 P pack ice 



DEC. 





-direction of wind producing pressure ridges 



► " poIj'Tyas, or areas of open water 



FEB. 



Fig. 8 — Cross-sections showing in four consecutive stages the development of the fast-ice. For 

 details, see the explanation of symbols. (The stranded hummocks at the right ends of the October and 

 May cross-sections are shown in dotted outline because they do not necessarily lie in the same plane 

 as these sections; see the short dash line in the plan in the lower left corner. Also, this representation 

 of course does not imply that they occur only during these two months.) 



of the temperature of the sea water; increase of freshness or decrease 

 of saHnity (its freezing point being thus raised) ; and hindrance to 

 wave motion or motion of water in general. The decrease in the 

 temperature of the sea water is produced by the decrease of the air 

 temperature and by the quantity of old floating ice masses. De- 



