io6 



POLAR PROBLEMS 



tions. This genetic aspect is the only justification for putting for- 

 ward another classification. 



In preparing this classification the writer has drawn freely on 

 previous discussions of the subject; these are referred to in the bib- 

 liography. He has also been able to draw upon his own experiences 

 in the Eurasian Arctic and familiarity with Russian work in that 



Ledyanoi zabepe§ 

 (Icy extension offshore) 



y 



Slush or sludge 



Pancake ice 



4- 

 ^Youn^ ice 



ice foot •<- 



FAST-ICE^- 



-^PACKICE 



According to: 



\mar§inal crush in§ 

 Phases of I (vzlom) 

 h u mmocki nMcom^/ete breakinSup 



[^ (razdroblenie; 



Age 



Place 

 formati 



.ion 1^ 



one year old 

 many years old 



Season of 

 formation 



floating 

 stranded 

 (stamukha) 



summer 

 autumn 



winter 

 spring 



pressure rid^e 

 pressure area 



-ARCTIC PACK 



Floeben^s 

 -Hummocks- 



Ice fields 



I 



Ice floes \' 



I 



Glacons , 



According 

 to age 



oneyearold 



< 

 many yeans old 



According to: 

 Strength 



tiiht 

 heavy 

 rafted 

 (nabivnoi) 



level ~| 



moT™na'^ f Surface 

 honeycombed) 



close 1 Arrangement 



open J or Navigability 



Fig. 9 — Synoptical diagram showing the genetic relationship of the various types of sea ice. 



region. Whatever the classification may gain from this widening 

 of the range of observation on which it is based is counterbalanced 

 by the fact that English is not his native tongue, a circumstance 

 which he asks the reader to bear in mind and for the consequences of 

 which he bespeaks indulgence. 



The two major classes of types of sea ice will first be discussed, 

 and definitions of the different types in the order of their develop- 

 ment and other relevant definitions will then be presented. 



Types of Ice Resulting from Natural Growth 



(ACCRETIONAL TyPES) 



SLUSH OR SLUDGE 



The initial stage in the freezing of sea water and its transformation 

 into ice consists of the development of ice crystals in the surface 

 water in the form of spicules and plates (the dimensions of the latter 

 being 2-4 centimeters in length, ^-i centimeter in width, and }^—i 



