ARCTIC SEA ICE 109 



FAST-ICE 



The three preceding paragraphs describe the process of the freez- 

 ing of sea water and the formation of new ice in general. But near 

 coasts, at the heads of gulfs and bays, in straits, among islands and 

 icebergs, and generally in localities that are comparatively sheltered, 

 the formation of the ice cover takes place sooner than in the open sea 

 and thence spreads outwards. 



This new ice that first forms along shore is called ledyanoi zabereg 

 in Russian, which means "icy extension off shore." Its develop- 

 ment causes the freezing of gulfs and bays, and its constant spread- 

 ing along the whole coast and into the open sea creates (from the 

 end of November or beginning of December) a more or less wide 

 zone of immovable ice which bears the name of fast-ice (Russian, 

 beregovoi pripai, literally meaning "coastal soldering") and which 

 grows in thickness during the whole winter and spring up to May. 



That part of the fast-ice immediately close to shore which is not 

 subjected to the rise and fall of the tide is called ice foot. 



Types of Ice Resulting from Motion 

 (Dynamic Types) 



PACK ICE 



In distinction to fast-ice any "sea ice which has drifted from its 

 original position" (under the influence of winds, currents, etc.) is 

 called pack ice or pack (Priestley). 



Therefore the types of sea ice enumerated in the following are 

 derivatives of the pack ice, resulting from its breaking into pieces 

 as a consequence of its motion, or of the fast-ice itself at the first stage 

 of its breaking up. (The types are taken up in decreasing order of 

 size.) 



1 . The largest areas of the pack ice are called ice fields. They 

 are of such extent that their limits cannot be seen from a 

 ship's masthead (Fig. 12). 



They in their turn are broken into: 



2. Icefloes — areas that range in size from about one-third of a 

 nautical mile in diameter to the dimensions of an ice field. 



3. The further breaking up of floes (or the direct breaking up 

 of ice fields or of pack ice or fast-ice into pieces smaller 

 than a floe) iorms glaqons^ (Russian, Idini), areas ranging in 



9 There is no separate term in the existing terminologies for an individual piece of ice forming 

 a subdivision of an ice floe, and while Scoresby, in defining a floe, says "the term (floe) , however, is 

 seldom applied to pieces of ice of less diameter than half a mile or a mile," Wordie says "in size a floe 

 may vary from 'pancakes' on the one hand to 'fields' on the other," and he therefore even uses the term 

 "floe" in connection with his definition of "pancake ice" (Priestley also). Such lack of a proper term 



