no POLAR PROBLEMS 



size from a cake about 2 to 3 feet in diameter to a floe 

 (Fig. 13). In keeping with Russian Arctic practice glagons 

 may be further subdivided according to size into small, 

 medium-sized, and large. 



HUMMOCKING 



When the pack ice, or rather its ice fields or floes, moves, the 

 process of hummocking takes place. This process consists of the 

 impingement, shock, and pressure of ice masses upon one another; 

 it results in crushing the edges of fields or floes, breaking them up 

 completely, and piling them up one upon another. The magnitude 

 of hummocking depends upon the size of the colliding masses, their 

 speed, strength, solidity, etc. 



There are two distinctive phases of hummocking. The first 

 consists in the marginal crushing of colliding ice masses, the second, 

 in the complete breaking up and piling up of the broken ice. 



The chaotic heaps that are the products of the crushing and 

 breaking up of ice masses are called hummocks (Russian, toros). 



Hummocks may be subdivided according to (Fig. 9) : 



hummocks due to marginal crushing 

 (Russian, vzlom), which in the pack 

 ice project 2 to 5 meters above the 

 level of the ice 



hummocks due to complete breaking up 

 (Russian, razdrohlenic) , which in the 

 pack ice project 3 to 7 meters above 

 the level of the ice 



b) Age 



a) Phases of hummocking 



j hummocks one year old 

 I hummocks many years old 



. „, r r • I sea hummocks 



c) rlace 01 formation 1 ^ , , , 



( coastal hummocks 



is inconvenient; meanwhile there is the French term glafon which literally m_eans "an individual piece 

 of ice." This term is suitable to designate an individual piece of ice intermediate in size between a 

 cake about 2 to 3 feet in diameter and a floe one-third of a nautical mile in diameter as well as to define 

 the components of "drift ice" and "brash ice." 



The term "drift ice" (included in the terminologies and having the meaning of a collective noun) 

 defines, in the main, the character of the ice but not an individual, definite type of ice. In accordance 

 with: (i) the dimensions assigned to a floe by Scoresby (unfortunately omitted in the subsequent 

 terminologies); (2) his definition of drift ice as "consisting of pieces less than a floe in size"; (3) our 

 definition of the term glafon; (4) our definition of the term "brash ice" (p. 117) — one may say that 

 "drift ice" (definition on p. 117) consists of small and medium-sized glagons and in character represents 

 loose, very open pack in which water preponderates over ice. 



