ii6 



POLAR PROBLEMS 



Hnmmocking. The process of pressure upon sea ice expressed 

 in marginal crushing and breaking up and in the heaping up 

 the products resulting from this pressure. 



Floeherg. Massive hummock consisting partly of pack ice, partly 

 of Arctic Pack. 



Growler. A small glagon of hummock origin. 



Arctic Pack. Many -years-old rafted ice, mainly in the form 

 of hummocked fields. Its distinctive characteristics are: 

 tremendous power, greater than that of the ice of the mar- 

 ginal seas of the Arctic Sea; solidity, gradually increasing in 

 the course of years; and great size of the fields of rafted ice. 



Anchor ice. All submerged ice attached to the bottom irrespective 

 of the nature of its formation. 



Descriptive Terms Applicable to 

 All Types of Ice 



Besides the above-mentioned terms defining the types of ice 

 of the Arctic Sea — definitions that are based upon certain stages of 

 the life cycle of sea ice (freezing, melting, marginal crushing, and 

 breaking up) — there are in common use a number of terms relating 

 to sea ice in general and not to any given derivative of pack ice or 

 the Arctic Pack. Most of the adjectives constituting these terms 

 have been applied in the preceding classification to define the character 

 of certain types of pack ice and Arctic Pack. 



Grouped According to: Term 



Condition of surface i 



level 

 hummocky 



rotten 



Applied to: 



Ice whose surface is flat 

 Ice whose surface is 



mocked (or jagged). 

 Ice whose surface is 



combed (or pitted). 



hum- 



hone}^ 



Age 



young 

 old 



Ice one year old. 

 Ice many years old. 



Strength 



light One-year-old ice up to 2 feet 



in thickness, 

 heavy Any ice from 2 feet to 6 feet 



in thickness, 

 rafted Hummocked, recemented ice 



(telescoped) with protuberances smoothed 

 by melting (thickness, 6 feet 

 and more). 



