ARCTIC SEA ICE 121 



The westward surface current along the northern coast of Green- 

 land observed by Lauge Koch we interpret as a result of the same 

 shock and pressure of the ice masses of the Arctic Pack upon the pro- 

 jecting coast of Peary Land, where, under the influence of ice masses 

 pressing upon the shore a deflection of the current seems to take place 

 along and close to the shore in a westward direction. This current, 

 thus turning down Robeson Channel, carries through that channel 

 part of the ice masses of the outskirts of the Arctic Pack which had 

 already been carried past this meridian on their eastward drift. 



As the phenomena of the Big Lead and the shoreward shock and 

 pressure of the ice masses are incompatible for the same moment 

 of time, because one phenomenon is the antithesis of the other, al- 

 though both are due to the same force, namely winds, but of opposite 

 direction, therefore one may suppose that, when the westward current 

 along the northern coast of Greenland is strong, severe hummocking 

 takes place along the edge of the Arctic Pack in about latitude 84° 

 and, vice versa, that, when the current is weak, hummocking is much 

 reduced or even gives way to the formation of the Big Lead. 



REFERENCES ON SEA ICE TERMINOLOGY 



British 



1820. ScoRESBY, William, Jr.: An Account of the Arctic Regions, With a History 

 and Description of the Northern Whale-Fishery, 2 vols., Edinburgh. Vol. 

 I, Ch. 4, Section i: A Description of the Various Kinds or Denominations 

 of Ice, pp. 225-238 (definitions, pp. 226-229); Section 2: On the Formation 

 of Ice on the Sea, pp. 238-241; Section 3: Description of Ice-Fields, and 

 Remarks on Their Formation and Tremendous Concussions, pp. 241-250. 



1901. Markham, Sir Clements R., and H. R. Mill: Ice Nomenclature, in "The 

 Antarctic Manual for the Use of the Expedition of 1901," edited by George 

 Murray, Royal Geogr. Soc, London, 1901, pp. xiv-xvi. 



1906. Barnes, H. T. : Ice Formation, With Special Reference to Anchor-Ice 

 and Frazil, New York. [While dealing mainly with river ice, specifically 

 the St. Lawrence, Ch. 4, "Sheet, Frazil, and Anchor-Ice," and Ch. 7, "Theories 

 To Account for Frazil and Anchor-Ice," deal with the definition of types of ice 

 that also occur at sea (see Wright and Priestley's "Glaciology," pp. 80-85).] 



1907-1921. Arctic Pilot, Hydrographic Department of the British Admiralty, 

 London. "Ice Terms" (English and Russian), Vol. i, 3rd edit., 1918, pp. 

 19-20; "Definition of Ice Terms," Vol. 2, 3rd edit., 1921, p. xi; "Terms 

 Relating to Ice, Used by Whalers and Others," Vol. 3, 2nd edit., 1915, p. 48. 



191 1. Bruce, W. S.: Polar Exploration (Home University Library of Modern 

 Knowledge No. 8), London and New York, pp. 54-70. 



1919. Davis, J. K. : With the "Aurora" in the Antarctic, 1911-1914, London. 

 Appendix 2: Brief Notes on Some Ice Formations in the Antarctic Regions, 

 pp. 171-174- 



1921. WoRDiE, J. M.: Shackleton Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1917: The Natural 

 History of Pack-ice As Observed in the Weddell Sea, Trans. Royal Soc. of 

 Edinburgh, Vol. 52, Part IV, pp. 795-829; definitions on pp. 797-799. 



1922. Priestley, R. E.: Sea Ice Definitions, in: C. S. Wright and R. E. Priestley: 

 Glaciology [Scientific Reports of the] British (Terra Nova) Antarctic Expedi- 

 tion, 1910-1913, London, pp. 393-394 (in Ch. 11 : Antarctic Pack-ice, by 

 Priestley). ["Substantially the same [list of definitions] as that given by 

 Wordie in his paper" ante.] 



American 



1856. Kane, E. K.: Arctic Explorations: The Second Grinnell Expedition in 

 Search of Sir John Franklin, 1853, '54, '55, 2 vols., Philadelphia. "Glossary 

 of Arctic Terms," Vol. i, pp. 13-14. 



