46: 



POLAR PROBLEMS 



land in the Arctic, 23; ice slopes east 

 of Ross Sea, 260; Northwest Passage 

 voyage, magnetic observations, 55, 

 56; polar skua, 372; scientific contribu- 

 tions, 321 



Amundsen-Ellsworth airplane flight in 

 1925, 411, 455. See also Ellsworth 



Amundsen-Ellsworth-Nobile airship ex- 

 pedition in 1926, 9, 412. See also Ells- 

 worth; Nobile 



Anadyr region, 82, 84 



Anchor ice, 116 



Andean fold in Antarctica, 259, 327 



Andersen, Knud, 144 



Anderson, Charles, 358 



Andersson, K. A., 366, 373, 377 



Andreasen, Ole, 213 



Andyshchiny, 205 



Angara Land, 87 



Angelica, 144 



Angmagssalik, 175; archeology, 180 



Animal life in the Arctic, 213, 214, 215; 

 explorers and, 218; Nansen's observa- 

 tions, 219; North Polar Sea, 13; 

 observations from the air and, 224; 

 under sea ice, 216 



Animals, 157; domestication, 228; ex- 

 tinct, remains, 85, 87. See also 

 Fauna 



Animism, 197 



Anjou, P. P., 138 



Ann, Cape, Enderby Land, 319 



Anothermic condition of warm seas, 271 



Antarctandes, 324, 325 



Antarctic, 253; African quadrant, 315, 

 319; algae, 347; American quadrant, 

 301, 322; anticyclone, 290; Australian 

 quadrant, 315, 316; bases for flying, 

 389; bird distribution, 371; birds and 

 mammals, relationships, 370; bottom 

 sediments, 279; British claims, 247; 

 change of level, 264; coasts, status 

 of knowledge, 254; cold bottom water 

 and its origin, 277; continental shelf, 

 delineation, 258; continentality of 

 land mass, probable, 253; continental 

 shelf, depth, 282, 315; currents, 276, 

 278; cyclone, complete (chart), 288; 

 economic possibilities, 266; explora- 

 tion by air, 425; field work and use of 

 aircraft needed, 325; flora, 147; flora, 

 poverty, 343, 344; flying conditions, 

 386, 397, 398; French claims, 248; 

 geological problems, 324; glaciations, 

 previous, problem of, 263 ; ice, drifting, 

 281; ice cap movement, alimentation, 

 and ablation, 263; influence on lower 

 latitudes, 269; land bridges, 357; land 

 flora, origin, 348; life as contrasted 

 with the Arctic, 358; low pressures. 



287; mammals, 366; marine life, 366; 

 mosses and lichens, 344; name, 283; 

 oceanographical problems, 269; Pacific 

 quadrant, 315, 319; pack ice and 

 weather (with map), 297; pack ice 

 belt, 340; paleontology, 326; paleo- 

 climatology, 331, 333; plant geo- 

 graphical provinces (map), 345; plant 

 life and problems, 343, 350; political 

 sovereignty (map), 249; pressure 

 correlation with south temperate 

 lands, 294, 295 (map) ; pressure 

 waves, 292, 293 (map); quadrants, 

 315; sea ice, 340; sea life below shelf 

 ice, 264; sediments, 280; shelf ice, 

 281; soundings as aid in discovery 

 of islands, 257; tides, 279; unsolved 

 problems of exploration and research, 

 253; zoogeography, 355. See also 

 Antarctic Continent; Antarctica 



Antarctic, 280 



Antarctic anticyclone (with diagr.), 298 



Antarctic Continent, 254; air observa- 

 tions of Simpson (with diagr.), 30, 

 33; alimentation and ablation, 337; 

 delineation of underlying rock floor, 

 262; geological knowledge, present 

 status, 315; gravity, magnetic, and 

 auroral observations, 264; ice cap 

 profile, determination, 261; insects, 

 364; land relief under the ice, 258; 

 name, 283; plants, 363; plateaus 

 of the world and, on the same scale, 

 289 (map), 290; precipitation, 36; 

 structural areas, relation of the two, 

 324; westward-flowing current along, 

 276. See also Antarctic; Antarctica 



Antarctic petrel, 372 



Antarctica, 315; American quadrant, 

 315; Australia and, climatic relations, 

 285; climate and weather, 289; climate 

 in the past, 331, 333; geological prob- 

 lems, 315; ice problems, 331; ice cap 

 and Pleistocene ice sheets, 335; inte- 

 rior ice, investigation and methods to 

 be pursued, 336; meteorological corre- 

 lations with Australia, 293; name, 283; 

 paleogeographical problems, 327; posi- 

 tion and size, relative (map), 285; 

 quadrants, 315; rock exposures, pau- 

 city, 316; structural contrast of East 

 and West, 258. See also Antarctic; 

 Antarctic Continent 



Antarctica, 301 



Anthropology, Eskimo, 174 



Anticyclones, 49; glacial, 290, 337 



Aptenodytes forsteri, 371 



Aptenodytes patagonica, 372 



Araucaria, 363 



Archaeocyathus limestone, 318, 323, 331 



