INDEX 



473 



Norway, aurora, 60; Greenland rights, 



235; sovereignty and claims in the 



Arctic, 236 

 Norwegian North Polar Expedition, 128 

 Norwegian Sea, 3, ii; water circulation, 



II, 12 (diagr.), 13 (diagr.) 

 Notopelagia, 371 

 Notothenia, 370 

 Nototheniiformes, 370 

 Novaya Sibir Island, 128, 138 

 Novaya Zemlya, 79, 80, 212; geologically 



unknown areas, 86 

 Nunataks, plants on, 146-147 



Gates Land, 247, 254 



Obrutschew, W. A. (V. A. Obruchev), 



75 

 Observatories, magnetic and electric, 



establishment of, 57, 58 

 Occupation as basis of sovereignty, 243, 



244 

 Ocean, 269; cold bottom water, 277; 



movements, 270 

 Oceanography, Antarctic problems, 269; 



Arctic Regions, 3 

 Oceanites oceanicus, 373 

 Odobenus, 157 



Oil in Alsaka and Canada, 225 

 Oldlands, 76; continental, 77; Eurasian 



Arctic, 78; Eurasian Arctic, formation, 



80; minor Eurasian Arctic, 79 

 Olga, 220 



Olney, Richard, 244 

 Ommatophoca rossi, 376 

 O'Neill, J. J., 65 

 Onkilon ruins, 185 

 Opossum shrimps, 369 

 Orange Bay, 302 

 Organic life, North Polar Sea, 13 

 Orca, 378 



Ortmann, A. E., 360, 361 

 Oscillations, vertical, of water, 12 

 Oseberg ship, 143-144 

 Ostenfeld, C. H., 144 

 Otaria byronia, 378 

 Ovibos, 231. See also Musk oxen 



Pachyptila, 374 



Pacific Ocean, circum- Pacific land con- 

 nection, 327; surface water tempera- 

 ture, 49 



Pacific quadrant of the Antarctic, 315; 

 geology, 319 



Pack ice, 91, 94, 109, 115; aircraft land- 

 ing fields, 404; Antarctic (with map), 

 297; Antarctic belt, 340; Arctic Sea, 

 99; Norge over, 415. See also Arctic 

 Pack 



Pagodroma nivea, 372 



Pai-Khoi Ridge, 79 

 Paleobotany, Antarctic, 327, 331 

 Paleoclimatology, Antarctic, summary, 



331, 333 

 Paleocrystic ice, 120, 134 

 Paleogeography, Antarctic, problems, 



327 

 Paleontology, Antarctic, 326; ice ages, 



significance, 334 

 Paleozoic formations, Arctic America, 65; 



Arctic Eurasia, 81, 82 

 Palmer Land, 364; zoogeographic im- 

 portance, 373. See also Graham Land 

 Pancake ice, 107 (ill.)> 108, 114 

 Panther, 429, 430, 436 

 Papaver radicatum, 351 

 Pareiasaurus, 82 

 Patagonia, 303, 312, 323, 327 

 Paulet Island, 301, 324 

 Payer, Julius, 122 



Peary, R. E., 5; Arctic Pack and, 130, 

 131; Arctic Pack and polynyas, 140; 

 estimate of extent of life in Arctic, 

 214; ice hummocks, 135; ice navigat- 

 ing with, 432; on life in polar seas, 

 218; observations as to tides, 19; 

 soundings, 5 

 Peary Land, 181 

 Peary's Big Lead, 119, 120 

 Pelecanoides, 374 

 Pelseneer, Paul, 361, 359 

 Penguins, 266, 359, 371, 373, 374; 

 destruction, 374; fossil, 375; origin, 

 375; plant life and, 346, 350, 364; 

 rookeries, 374 

 Peter I Island, 274 

 Petermann, A. H., 155 

 Petermann Island, 301 

 Petrel, giant, 371 

 Petrels, 371, 372, 373, 374 

 Pfeffer, Georg, 359 

 Phalacrocorax atriceps, 373 

 Phascolosoma eremita, 362 

 Phenology, 150 

 Philippi, E., 280, 282 

 Phoebetria, 373 



Photography from aircraft, 394 

 Physeter, 378 

 Phytogeography, 141. See also Plant 



geography 

 Phytoplankton, 347, 349, 367 

 Pigot, Dr., 297 

 Pillsbury, J. E., 254 

 Pitlekai, 57, 161 

 Placodium, 344 

 Plankton, 215, 221, 270, 278; Antarctic, 



365; North Polar Sea, 13 

 Plant geography, unsolved problems in 



Arctic, 143 

 Plant life in the North Polar Sea, 13 



