476 



POLAR PROBLEMS 



Sea leopards, 376, 377 



Sea lions, southern, 378 



Sea water, cold bottom, 277; kinds, 

 investigation to determine, 278 



Seals, 218; Antarctic, 266, 371; bears 

 and, 218; food, 220; hunting, 220; 

 hunting in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 

 430; southern, distribution and ecol- 

 ogy, 376; sub- Antarctic, 356 



Seeds, dispersal, 144-145 



Selby, F. J., 277 



Semenov-Tyan Shanski, V. P., 75 



Senkungsfeld, 260 



Sequoia, 363 



Serebrovski (Sserebrowsky) , P., 165 



Settlement as basis of sovereignty, 242 



Settlement, Arctic, 225 



Seward, A. C, 67, 327, 328 



Sextants, 447 



Seymour Island, 375 



Shackleton, Sir Ernest, 302, 320 



Shag, 373 



Shamanism, 197, 206, 207 



Shaw, Sir Napier, 39 



Sheathbills, 365, 373; Antarctic, 371 



Shelf ice, 264, 335; Antarctic, 281 



Shereshevski. See Schereschewsky 



Ship building, cost, 429 



Ships, 427; polar, and their construc- 

 tion, 427; vulnerable spot, 428; wood 

 versus steel, 436 



Shiraze expedition, 320 



Shokalskii, Y. M. (Schokalsky, J. M. 

 de), 123, 137 



Shortest distances across the Arctic, 210 



Shostakovich. See Schostakowitsch 



Siberia, 77; population, character, 200; 

 population of northeastern, 199; rivers, 

 84, 87; rivers and population, 199. 

 See also Eurasian Arctic 



Siberian, Central, Plateau, 78; geology, 

 78, 80 



Siberian continental shelf, 3, 4 (section) 



Siberian Sea, 126, 129; ice pack, 136; 

 limits, 126; old ice field (ill.), 115; 

 polynyas in, 138 



Simmons, H. G., 145 



Simpson, Cape, 225 



Simpson, Edward, 127, 135 



Simpson, G. C, 282, 290, 291, 292, 

 293, 294; air observations, Antarctic, 

 30 (with diagr.), 33 



Skis for airplanes, 382, 402; construc- 

 tion, 403 



Skottsberg, Carl, 343, 345, 346, 347, 

 348, 349, 364 



Skua, south polar, 371, 372 



Skua gull, 371 



Skuas, 371, 372, 373 



Sledges and aircraft in Arctic explora- 

 tion, relative functions, 386 



Slope exposure, influence on plants, 148 



Slush or sludge, 106, 107 (ill.), 114 



Smith Sound, 141, 431, 434 



Smith-Rose, R. L., 450 



Smitt, F. A., 161 



Snow, 227; colored, 347; flying from, 

 383, 402; surface in the Antarctic, 338 



Snow Hill Island, 301 



Snow petrel, 372 



Snowdrift hollows, 339 



Snowfall, Antarctic, 337 



Snowstorms, Arctic air navigation and, 



423 



Social conditions, Arctic tribes, 197; 

 polar Russians, 207 



Soil, frozen, in Arctic Eurasia, 85 



Solar energy and Australian rainfall, 297 



Solar radiation, pressure and, 33, 35 

 (maps) 



Solberg, H., 32 



Solifluction and plant succession, 148 



Sonic depth finder, 258; for ice thickness, 

 263. See also Echo sounding 



Soundings, 3, 7; Antarctic, 315; sub- 

 Antarctic islands and, 257. See also 

 Echo sounding 



South Georgia, 302, 356; insects, 365; 

 marine station, 350; rats, 366; vegeta- 

 tion, 349, 364 



South Orkneys, 301, 302, 303, 355, 356; 

 Argentine meteorological station, 58, 



351 



South pole, 290; Amundsen and, 321; 

 climate in the past, 331, 333: ice 

 plateau around, 261 



South Sandwich Islands, flora, 352 



South Shetland Islands, 301, 302,303, 356 



South Victoria Land, 259, 317, 318, 336; 

 investigation needed, 326; soil, 346 



Southampton Island, 169; bone harpoon 

 heads representing Eskimo culture 

 (ills.), 169; Eskimo finds, 179 



Southern Antilles, 302, 327 



Southern hemisphere, atmospheric cir- 

 culation (with diagr.), 298 



Sovereignty, Arctic, 235; basis of, 243; 

 unknown lands, 242. See also Po- 

 litical rights 



Sperm whales, 378 



Sphaerella, 347 



Spheniscus, 374 



Spiritual culture, Arctic tribes, 197; 

 polar Russians, 205 



Spitsbergen, 3, 5; airplane flight from, 

 in 1925, toward the pole, 41 1; coal, 

 225, 226; as flying base, 388, 389; 

 flying season, 384; geology, 82; Nor- 

 wegian sovereignty, 236 



