478 



POLAR PROBLEMS 



note, 74; Geology, The, of Arctic 



Eurasia and its unsolved problems, 



75-88 

 Torngats, arctic-alpine plants, 147; 



ice remains, 69 

 Toros, no, 121 



Trade, Arctic tribes, 198; Russian, 204 

 Transehe, N. A., 14, 125; biogr. and 



bibliogr. note, 90; Ice cover. The, of 



the Arctic Sea, with a genetic classi- 

 fication of sea ice, 91-123 

 Transplantation experiments, 152 

 Trapping, 194 

 Tree kangaroos, 376 

 Trees, Canada, northern limit, 41 ; 



fossil, Antarctic, 332; fossil, Kerguelen, 



350; growth over ice, 149 

 Trematomus, 370 

 Triassic beds, Arctic America, 66; Arctic 



Eurasia, 81 

 Tribes, Arctic, 190 (map), 191. See also 



Eurasian Arctic tribes 

 Tristram, H. B., 156 

 Tristan da Cunha, 352 

 Tropical water, 274, 275 

 Tsesarevich Alexei Island. See Little 



Taimyr Island 

 Tubinares, 372, 373 

 Tundra, aircraft landing on, 404; study 



as reindeer pasture, 149 

 Tunnit people, 170 

 Turi, Johan, 197 

 Turkoid types, 192 

 Turner, L. M., 162 

 Tussock vegetation, 146 

 Tuve, M. A., 60 

 Tyson, Captain, 432 



Umbra delicatissima, 161 

 Unglaciated areas, plants in, 147 

 United States, attitude as to Antarctic 



rights, 249 

 U. S. Biological Survey, 228, 229 

 Unknown lands, sovereignty, 242 

 Ural Mountains, 79, 80, 204 

 Ursus, 157 

 Usnea, 344 



Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea, 143 



Vaginalis, 365 



Vaigach Island, 80 



Vaigach, 4 



Valdez, Alaska, 149 



Valdivia, 319, 351 



Vallin, Sten, 274, 276 



Variation of the compass. See Magnetic 



declination 

 Vega, 126, 161 

 Vegard, Lars, 60 



Vegetation, growth by runners, 151; 



precipitation and, 228. See also 



Plants 

 Vegetative multiplication, 145 

 Verkhoyansk, 39 



Verkhoyansk Ridge, 79, 80, 81, 87 

 Vestal, A. G., 148 

 Victoria Island, seals, 220 

 Victory, 429 

 Viking landfalls, botanical evidence on, 



143 

 Vinber, 143 

 Vincent, E., 46 

 Vize. See Wiese 

 Volcanoes, Antarctic, 265 

 Vzlom, no 



Wagner, Hermann, 269, 270 



Wainwright, Richard, 453 



Walrus, 157 



Wandel Island, 301 



Warming, Eugenius, 145, 146 



Warner, J. A. C, 452 



Water, Antarctic, 367; Arctic plant 

 requirements, 150 



Water of the ocean, bottom, 277; cir- 

 culation in North Polar Sea, 11, 12 

 (diagr.), 13 (diagr.); distribution of 

 land and water, influence on weather, 

 27; kinds, investigation to determine, 

 278; movement, 28; oscillations, 12 



Water sky, 117 



Water vapor, condensation, 36 



Weapons, 196 



Weather, Arctic influences on European, 

 48; Arctic influences on North America, 

 40, 42-45 (maps) ; polar meteorology 

 and world weather, 27 



Weather stations. See Meteorological 

 stations 



Weddell Sea, 255, 260, 275, 276, 277, 

 301, 302; geology of the area, 322; 

 tides, 279; water temperature (diagr.), 

 272 



Weddell seals, 376, 377, 378 



Wegener, Alfred, drift of continents 

 theory, 70, 163 



Wehrle, P., 298 



Weickmann, L., 39 



West, G. S., 347 



West, W., 347 



West Antarctica, 259, 265; general 

 aspect, 302 



West Ice, 274, 282 



Western hemisphere, 240 



Weyprecht, Karl, 123 



Whale birds, 373-374 



Whale oil, 379 



Whales, 211, 215; Antarctic, 371; Ant- 

 arctic and sub- Antarctic, 378 



