458 HANDBOOK OF PHOTOGRAPHY 



Solution B 



Gold chloride 1 g. 15 gr. 



Water 15 cc. 1 oz. 



To use add 1 dram (3.7 cc.) of gold solution (solution JS) to each 16 oz. (500 cc.) 

 of hypo-alum bath (solution A), tone at 90 to 110°F. — not more than 110°F. Prints 

 should be examined as the toning proceeds and removed when the desired tone is 

 reached. 



This toning bath as mixed will tone approximately 150 4- by 6-in. prints. When 

 used up to this point, it should be discarded and a new bath mixed. 



Prints should be agitated during toning to insure even toning. After toning is 

 completed they should be carefully sponged to remove any surface sediment, fixed 

 again in the regular acid hypo fixing solution for about 5 min., washed and dried in 

 the usual manner. 



Liiver-of-sulphur Sepia Method. — This is an easy economical method of sepia toning 

 giving results which are comparable to the hj^po-alum process on some papers. As 

 results varj^ with different papers, it would be well to test this method thoroughly 

 before adopting it. 



Liver of sulphur is a mixture of potassium sulphide along with other compounds 

 such as sulphates, carbonates, hypo, etc. The actual toning agent is not known, 

 but it is thought that the sulphur acts on the silver image forming silver sulphide as in 

 the other sulphide toners. It is well to get liver of sulphur from a reputable chemical 

 concern, as most of it is impure and not fit for photographic use. It is necessary in 

 this process to be sure the prints are well hardened, as liver of sulphur in a hot solution 

 has quite a softening effect on the emulsion. 



LiVER-OF-SULPHUR SePIA MeTHOD 



Liver of sulphur 30 gr. 



Water 40 oz. 



Use at 80°F. 



Indirect Sepia Process. — This process is used extensively for sepia prints because 

 of its simplicity and economy and because the solutions are used at room temperature. 

 Two solutions are necessary: (1) the "bleach," so called because the image disappears; 

 and (2) a weak solution of sodium sulphide which changes the bleached image into 

 brown silver sulphide, as in the direct toning processes. It is very important that the 

 black-and-white print be thoroughly washed, as silver bromide, which is first formed 

 in the bleaching operation, is soluble in hypo; so part or all of the image may be dis- 

 solved if the print has not been washed in running water for at least 20 to 30 min. 

 This precaution should be especially noted, for the cause of about 50 per cent of all 

 the troubles experienced with this process is due to prints that are not washed thor- 

 oughly. Clean enameled trays without any chipped or broken places in the enamel 

 should be used, for contamination by iron rust will cause blue spots on the finished 

 print. These blue spots may also be caused by iron rust from the water, and where 

 this occurs the water should be filtered through several thicknesses of flannel or felt, 

 which may be placed directly over the water taps. 



Bleach prints in solution 1 until the image is converted to a very light brown. 



Bleach for Sulphide Redevelopment 

 Solution 1 



Potassium ferricyanide solution 500 cc. 17}"2 fl. oz. 



Potassium bromide solution (10 per cent) 100 cc. 3\i fl. oz. 



Sodium carbonate solution (10 per cent) 200 cc. 7 fl. oz. 



Water 200 cc. 7 fl. oz. 



Wash prints for about 5 min., and redevelop in the following solution: 



