522 HANDBOOK OF PHOTOGRAPHY 



2B. Cause. — Proper exposure, but insufficient development. Developer too cold; 

 insufficient developing time. 



ZB. Prevention. — Develop at time and temperature recommended by the manu- 

 facturer. 



4B. Remedy. — This condition may be remedied in the final print by printing on a 

 contrasty grade of paper. 



IC. Distinguishing Characteristic. — High lights lack detail, and all tones are too 

 flat. 



2C. Cause. — Overexposure and underdevelopment. 



3C. Prevention. — Correct exposure and development. Give less exposure. 

 Develop for a longer time or at higher temperature. Make sure the developer is not 

 exhausted. 



4C Remedy. — Printing on contrasty paper will remedy lack of contrast in the 

 negative, but lack of detail in high lights cannot be corrected. 



Reversal of Image. 



1. Distinguishing Characteristic. — All or part of the negative shows positive 

 rather than negative image when viewed by transmitted light. The type of image 

 seen by reflected light cannot be considered as giving true indication. 



2. Cause. — Reversal image may be due to excessive exposure or, more usually, to 

 light fog of the negative during development. In the latter case the image which first 

 develops serves as a negative for the exposure from the darkroom illumination during 

 development. Thus the already developed image is impressed on the silver grains in 

 a lower layer of the emulsion, so that a positive image results. Reversal of image due 

 to operation on the negative slope of the H and D curve requires excessive exposure 

 time in most cases but can be obtained for exposures of reasonable time when photo- 

 graphing the sun or other bright bodies. 



3. Prevention. — Sufficiently subdued darkroom illumination and protection of 

 negative from exposure during development, or manipulation of entire photographic 

 processes in complete darkness. Reversal of image due to overexposure is sufficiently 

 difficult to produce that any reasonable exposure will prevent this occurrence. 



4. Remedy. — None. 



Incorrect Density 



As incorrect density and incorrect contrast are frequently present simultaneously 

 in the same negative, it is suggested that this section be read in connection with the 

 previous section on Incorrect Contrast if any doubt exists as to proper interpretation 

 of characteristics of the negative. 



Dense Negatives. 



1.4 . Distinguishing Characteristic. — Negative generally dense, with detail lacking in 

 high lights; other tones too fiat. 



2 A. Cause. — Overexposure and underdevelopment. 



3.A. Prevention. — ^Less exposure and greater development. 



4A. Remedy. — Print on contrasty grade of printing paper. Dense negative will 

 require relatively long printing time. No remedy for lack of detail in high lights. 



IB. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Negative dense. High lights lack detail; other 

 tones correctly rendered. 



2B. Cause. — Overexposure but correct development. 



SB. Prevention. — ^Less exposure. 



4B. Remedy. — Print on normal grade of paper. No remedy for lack of high-light 

 detail. 



