DEFECTS IN NEGATIVES AND PRINTS 523 



IC Distinguishing Characteristic. — Negative dense with detail lacking in the high 

 lights; other tones too contrasty. 



2C Cause. — Overexposure and overdevelopment. 



3C. Prevention. — ^Less exposure and shorter development, or development at lower 

 temperature. 



AC. Remedy. — Print on soft grade of paper. Dense negative will require relatively 

 long printing time. Printing time may be reduced by reducing negative. No remedy 

 for lack of high-light detail. 



Thin Negatives. 



lA. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Negative fairly transparent without much 

 deposit of silver. Shadows lack detail; other tones too flat. 



2A. Cause. — Underexposure and underdevelopment. 



ZA. Prevention. — Greater exposure and development. 



4A. Remedy.— Thin negatives will require short printing time, which may be 

 increased by intensifying negatives. Print on contrasty paper. No remedy for lack 

 of detail in shadows. 



IS. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Negative thin and lacking in shadow detail; 

 other tones correctly rendered. 



2B. Cause. — Underexposure and correct development. 



35. Prevention. — Increased exposure. 



45. Remedy. — Print on normal grade of paper. No remedy for lack of shadow 

 detail. 



IC. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Negative thin and lacking in shadow detail; 

 other tones too contrasty. 



2C. Cause. — Underexposure and overdevelopment. 



3C. Prevention. — Greater exposure and less development. 



4C Remedy. — Print on soft or flat grade of printing paper. No remedy for lack 

 of detail in shadows. 



Uneven Density. 



1. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Streak or area of incorrect density. 



2. Cause. — Uneven development or uneven fixing. 



3. Prevention. — Immerse entire film rapidly and completely in developer and 

 agitate solution during development. Kept negative moving with respect to both 

 solution and tray or tank by shaking or tilting tank or tray. If due to incomplete 

 or uneven fixing, refixing to completion will prevent uneven density. 



4. Remedy. — If due to uneven development, local intensification may be of some 

 help. If due to uneven fixing, refixing to completion will sometimes help. 



Markings and Spots 

 Air Bells or Gas Bells. 



1. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Round transparent spots with well-defined 

 edges. Occasionally in motion-picture processing the spots may be elliptical rather 

 than round. 



2. Cause. — Formation of air or gas bells on the emulsion side of negative during 

 processing which prevents the solution from acting upon the emulsion, (a) A light 

 or transparent spot indicates the formation of the air bell during development. (6) A 

 dark or opaque spot indicates formation of bubble during fixing, (c) A spot which 

 appears as a brown or yellow-brown discoloration upon aging indicates the formation 

 of air bubbles during washing, but this is infrequent as negatives arc usually agitated 



