DEFECTS IN NEGATIVES AND PRINTS 525 



3. Prevention. — Cinch marks can be prevented only by proper and careful handling 

 of rolled films. Loosely wound rolls should not be tightened except by complete 

 rewinding onto a new spool or reel. 



4. Remedy. — None. 



Cloudy or Wavy Appearance. 



1. Distinguishing Characteristics. — Cloudy or wavy appearance of negative; uneven 

 density. 



2. Cause. — Insufficient developer to cover the negative or failure to agitate the 

 negative in the developer, resulting in uneven development. 



3. Prevention. — Use sufficient developer to completely cover negative. Immerse 

 negative quickly and completely in solution, and agitate solution during development, 



4. Remedy. — ^Local intensification or dodging in printing may help in certain cases. 



Drop Marks. 



1. Distinguishing Characteristics. — (a) Spots with gray halos. (6) Dark-gray 

 spots with small white centers, (c) Hazy white spots, (d) Spots with dark narrow 

 outlines. 



2. Cause. — ^These marks are due to water marks on the film during the drying 

 process, (a) This type of spot is most commonly formed by drops of water on the 

 base side of the film, although in some cases the water mark may have been on the 

 emulsion side, (b) This type of spot often occurs when a large spot of water is left on 

 the film which is subjected to rapid drying at high temperatures, (c) Sometimes hazy 

 white spots occur if processing has been carried on at temperatures well above 70°F. or 

 when the ffim is dried rapidly at high temperatures even though all excess moisture has 

 been removed, (d) Spots having the same density as the rest of the film but with a 

 dark outline at the edge of the drop are caused by large drops of water on the emulsion 

 side of the negative. 



3. Prevention. — Careful and systematic habits in processing will guard against 

 such spots. The negative should be protected from splashing solutions. Squeegeeing 

 to remove surplus and excess surface moisture or removing this water by blotting 

 the surface with lintless cloth or a sponge before drying is also effective. 



4. Remedy. — In some cases it may be possible to eliminate water-drop marks by 

 rinsing the negative in water and redrying under proper drying conditions. Water 

 marks on base side of ffim sometimes may be removed by breathing upon the film and 

 then wiping it with a clean soft cloth. 



Dust Marks. 



1. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Dust or lint imbedded in film. 



2. Cause. — ^Drying in dust- or lint-laden atmosphere. 



3. Prevention. — Drying under properly controlled conditions. Removal of surface 

 moisture and drying negatives in dustproof frames covered with closely woven fine- 

 mesh cloth which has been starched or glazed will help to prevent dust reaching the 

 negative. 



4. Remedy. — Frequently none. Sometimes washing and drying a second time 

 under proper conditions may be useful. 



Halation. 



1. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Dark band, circle, or area surrounding high 

 lights and frequently suggestive of double image. 



2. Cause. — Halation is due to the reflections which occur from the back of the 

 negative support when brightly lighted objects, such as street lamps in night street 



