540 HANDBOOK OF PHOTOGRAPHY 



Flat Prints. 



1. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Prints lack contrast; dark parts too light, light 

 parts too dark, or both. 



2. Cause.— Use of improper grade of printing paper for the range of densities in 

 the negative. 



3. Prevention. — Use a printing paper suited for flat negatives, i.e., one having 

 greater contrast. Contrasty printing papers are also known as "hard" papers. 



4. Kennedy. — Make a new print. 



Incorrect Density 

 Prints too Dark. 



lA. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Print generally too dark. High lights (dense 

 portions of the negatives) lacking in detail, (a) Other tones too flat. (6) Other 

 tones correctly rendered, (c) Other tones too contrasty. 



2A. Cause. — Overexposure. In (a) and (c) incorrect printing paper for the range 

 of densities in the negative has been used. 



3A. Prevention. — Less exposure in printing. In (a) a more contrasty grade of 

 paper should be used. In (6) the grade of contrast of the printing paper is correct. 

 In (c) a less contrasty grade of printing paper should be employed. 



4A. Remedy. — When defects of this type occur in prints, it is usually cheaper, 

 quicker, and generally more satisfactory to make another print than to attempt 

 remedial measures. 



\B. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Prints generallj'' too dark, with granular gray 

 appearance over entire print. 



2B. Cause. — Overexposure and overdevelopment. In addition, a grade of printing 

 paper unsuited for the range of densities in the negative may have been used (see 

 items above). 



3B. Prevention. — Proper exposure and correct development according to the 

 recommendations of the manufacturer. 



4fi. Remedy. — Make a new print. 



IC. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Prints generally too dark. 



2C. Cause. — Too strong a developer or too little bromide in the developer, causing 

 development to progress too rapidly. 



3C. Prevention. — Properly compounded developer, made with fresh pure ingre- 

 dients. 



4C Remedy. — Make new print. 



Prints Too Light. 



1^4.. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Prints generally too light so that there is a 

 deficiency of silver on the print. Shadows lack detail, (a) Other tones too flat. 

 (6) Other tones correctly rendered, (c) Other tones too contrasty. 



2A. Cause. — Underexposure. In (a) and (c) incorrect printing paper for the 

 range of densities in the negative has been used. 



3A. Prevention. — Greater exposure in printing. In (a) a more contrasty grade 

 of paper should be used. In (6) the grade of contrast of the printing paper is correct. 

 In (c) a less contrasty grade of printing paper should be used. 



4A. Remedy. — Make a new print with greater time of exposure. 



\B. Distinguishing Characteristic. — Print generally too light; detail only in the 

 dark parts of print (light parts of negative). 



2B. Cause. — Underdevelopment. 



