864 



HANDBOOK OF PHOTOGRAPHY 



Exposure meters, brightness-range method of 

 using photoelectric, 257-258 



characteristics of American photoelectric. 

 256-257 



Cinephot, 250 



comparison of visual, 252 



in enlarging, 436-437 



General Electric, 253 



Instoscope, 250 



Justaphot, 250 



Leudi, 250 



limiting acceptance angle in photoelectric, 255 



Mini-Photoscop, 255 



operation of photoelectric, 254-255 



photoelectric, 253-260 



scale cahbrations of photoelectric, 255 



Weston, 253 

 Exposure range of paper, 201-204 

 Exposure scales of paper, 144 

 Exposure tables, 229-248 

 Exposure time and film speed, 214-216 

 Eye, spectral sensitivity of, 156 



/-number, 219-220 



Fades, 705 



Fading negatives, 527 



Ferrotyping, 410-411 



Ferrous oxalate, 319 



Field, depth of, 23-25, 90-92 



Films, characteristics of, motion-picture, 665-680 



dimensional standards for 35-mm. and 16-mm., 

 137, 664 



Dufaycolor, 147, 656-659 



identification of cut, 137-138 



motion-picture positive, 139 



overcoated, 125 



positive for motion pictures, 678-680 



spectrograms of, 127-128 



stripping, 125 



X-ray, 148 

 Film-base characteristics, 122-123 

 Film speed, and exposure time, 214-216 

 Film-speed ratings, Weston, 850-854 

 Film-speed relations, equations for, 215 

 Filters, 292-317 



care of, 308-309 



cementing, 310-311 



classification of, 311-316 



compensation, 311, 312 



contrast, 311-313 



Davis and Gibson liquid, 155, 160-161 



effect of thickness of, 296-297 



equalizing, 311, 312 



graduated color, 303 



image brightness as function of, 214 



for incandescent light sources, 160—161 



for infrared photography, 604-606 



monochromatic, 312, 315-316 



in motion-picture photography, 693-697 



mounting, 309-310 



neutral-tint density, 307 



polarizing agents as, 303-307 



polaroid, 12 



Filters, properties of, 295-296 

 safe-light, 141, 312, 316 

 separation, 311, 313-315 

 theory of, 292-301 

 types of, 301-305 



for ultraviolet photography, 597-598 

 use of several, 297 

 Filter factor, 128, 220, 298, 300-301 



tables of, 132, 846-849 

 Fine-grain developers (see Developers) 

 Finger marks on negatives, 526 

 Finlay color process, 659-660 

 Fixing, 6 



chemistry of, 380-381 

 practical considerations in, 389-391 

 purpose of, 380 

 Fixing, washing, drying, 378-411 

 Fixing-baths, 383-399 

 acid hardening, 385-386 

 composition of, 386-389 

 plain, 384-385 

 reducing action of, 392 

 Fixing-bath troubles, blisters, 392-393 

 dichroic fog, 393 

 failure of hardener, 393-394 

 milkiness, 394 

 scum, 394-395 

 sludging {see milkiness) 

 stains in negatives, 395-396 

 water-supply difficulties, 396-399 

 Flare spot, 22 



Flash guns, synchronized, 93 

 FlashUght powders, 238, 288 

 Focal length, 14 

 choice of, 28, 96 

 measurement of, 17 

 of telescope, determining, 748 

 Focal-plane shutters, 106-109 

 efficiency of, 112-115 

 of Con tax, 112 

 of Leica, 111 

 Focal points, 15 

 Focus, depth of, 23-25 

 Focusing, 79 

 Focusing scale, 82—83 



calculation of, 15 

 Focusing system (see Lenses) 

 Fog, aerial, 342, 517 



antifogging compounds, 343 

 development, 518-519 

 dichroic, 517-518 

 emulsion, 519-520 

 light, 520 

 local, 520 

 in prints, 539 

 Fog density, 181 



Fresson printing process, 479, 493-497 

 Frilhng, 531 

 in prints, 543 



Gamma, 179-180, 420 

 reproduction, 701 

 time, curves, 181-183 



