870 



HANDBOOK OF PHOTOGRAPHY 



Shutters, single-blade, 97 



special types of, 109-110 



testing, 110-112 



tests for, 114 



Wollensak Betax, 104 



WoUensak, dimensions of, 108 



Wollensak Regno, 101 



Wollensak studio, 109 



speed of, 221-222 

 to stop motion, 222 

 Siderostat, 743 



Silver halide crystals, 118-119 

 Silver halide solvents, 344 

 Solarspot incandescent lighting, 689 

 Solutions, accuracy in compounding, 571 

 Spark photography, 765-766 

 Spectra, comparison, 816-817 



light, 266-268 

 Spectral intensity, of mean noon daylight, 157 

 Spectral-intensity curves, for common light 



sources, 271 

 Spectral sensitivity, 125-127, 183-190 



bearing of, on exposure, 223 



of human eye, 156 



of negative emulsions, 130-132 



of typical photographic materials, 271 

 Spectrograms, of film, 127-128 



for various paper emulsions, 141 

 Spectrographic measurements, 755-757 

 Spectrographs, astigmatic, 810 



commercial, 811-812 



illumination of, 814-815 



Littrow mounting of, 809 



stellar, 741-742 



stigmatic, 810 

 Spectroheliograph, 742-743 

 Spectroscopic photography, 804-821 

 Spectroscopic plates, Eastman, 745 

 Spectroscopy, light sources, for absorption, 819- 

 820 

 for emission, 819-820 

 Spectrum, visible, 11 



wavelengths of, 817-819 

 Speed, DIN system of rating, 192-193 



Eder-Hecht rating, 192-193 



film, and exposure time, 214-216 



inertia ratings, 193-195 



latitude-inertia method of determining, 195 



minimum useful gradient, 195-196 



of photosensitive material, 190-196 



Scheiner ratings, 192-193 



shutter, 221-222 

 to stop motion, 222 



threshold ratings of, 191-193 



Weston system of rating, 195 

 Speed relations, equations for film, 215 

 Speed scale, Watkins, 194 

 Speed system, Wynne, 194 

 Speed tables, 839 

 Spherical aberration, 28-30 

 Spotlight characteristics, 690 

 Stereophotography, anaglyphs in, 583-584 



cameras for, 579-580 



distortions and aberrations in, 591 



hyper-, 588 



Stereophotography, Ives system, 590-591 



polaroid system, 584-585 



theory of, 572-576 



viewing instruments for, 580-583 

 Stereoplanigraph, 730 

 Stereoscopic photography, 572-594 

 Stop, effects of shifting, 38 



uniform scale of designating, 19 

 Stripping film, 125 



Subtractive color process (see Color processes) 

 Sun, photographing, 757 

 Sutton's panoramic lens, 38 



Technicolor, 150, 660 



lens for, 34 

 Telenegative, 16 

 Telephoto lenses, exposures with, 225-226 



(See also Lenses) 

 Telephoto magnification, 16 

 Telescope, determining focal length of, 748 



refracting and reflecting, 734-736 

 Temperature, maintenance of, in darkroom, 569- 



570 

 Threshold-speed ratings, 191-196 

 Time-gamma curves, 181-183 

 Tintype, 147 

 Tone, control of, 441-442 



rendition of, 204-207 



reproduction of, requirements for, 209-212 

 Toning, copper, 462 



direct development, 454—455 



direct sepia, 456 



dye, 463-465 



ferrocyanide, 462 



green, 463 



hypo-alum gold, 457—458 



hypo-alum sepia, 456-457 



indirect sepia, 458-459 



intermediate sepia method, 460—461 



liver of sulphur sepia, 458 



mercury sulphide sepia, 459-460 



obtaining red tones from sulphide-toned print, 

 461 



potassium permanganate sulphide, 460 



of prints, 453-465 



processes of, for color photography, 150-151 



sepia on bromide papers, 461 



sulphide processes, 455-456 



uranium, 462-463 

 Transmission of lens, 18-19 

 Transparencies, color, 653—660 



materials for, 138-139 

 Transverse chromatic aberration, 28 

 Tray cleaners, 568 

 Tripack, 149 

 Tripod, 93 



U 



Ultraviolet (see Microscope) 

 Ultraviolet filters, 597-598 

 Ultraviolet microscope, 783-797 



