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nately it was early in January before questionnaires were getting quite 

 as prevalent as they are — I sent out my own questionnaire to about 50 

 Government agencies and industries and companies in the country 

 I know were actively engaged in oceanography, or planning to get 

 into it. 



As a result of this, I received about 30 replies, which is a pretty good 

 percentage in this day and age because of the questionnaire flood. And 

 just roughly summarizing the work, I asked what they would need in 

 5-year increments in the way of oceanographers, and the total over 20 

 years came to about 3,000 oceanographers. 



A part of the questionnaire broke down to what major branch of 

 oceanography the greatest interest was in. This turned out to be physi- 

 cal oceanography and engineering oceanography with geology, geo- 

 physics and chemistry, in that ratio. 



This, of course, is not a true, I suppose, significant statistical sample 

 of the nationwide need for oceanographers, but using this as a spring- 

 board and taking the 2,800 or 3,000 people they thought they would 

 need during the next 20 years, you may multiply it by a factor of 50 

 percent or whatever factor you want and get at least some order of 

 magnitude of the demand. But even these are professional oceanog- 

 raphers, and this is what I referred to before. 



In order to really get the most out of a professional oceanographer, 

 as any other scientist, he needs backup in the way of technicians, and 

 we are even more woefully behind in technician training to back up 

 these oceanographers. 



So if you take the figure of 3,000 to 4,000 oceanographers during 

 this period and a ratio of 3 to 1 technicians, you are talking about 

 another 9,000 or 12,000 technicians that have to be trained. 



I am not saying these figures are gospel or very accurate, but at 

 least they give you an order of magnitude in reply to your question 

 based on this one questionnaire. 



I will be interested to see what the results of these other studies 

 bring out. 



Mr. KoTH. One final question with respect to the technicians. 



What type of training must they have ? 



Dr. Geyer. This is just my personal opinion. I think what we would 

 need in the way of technicians to back up the professional oceanogra- 

 phers are preferably some people with training anywhere from 2 to 4 

 years beyond high school, and preferably 4 years, if not 2 years. This 

 cuts across the whole spectrum of oceanographic endeavor from fish- 

 eries to pollution to engineering activities, and so on. 



Mr. Roth. Thank you. Doctor. 



Mr. Lennon. Thank you, Mr. Roth. 



Mr. Keith? 



Mr. Keith. Thank you Mr. Chairman. For some time, I have been 

 concerned with an imbalance in the development and protection of 

 our oceans' various resources. The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act 

 of 1953 gives the Secretary of Interior the responsibility of conserving 

 and developing all the resources of the Continental Shelf — living re- 

 sources as well as oil, gas, and minerals. I feel, however, that exploi- 

 tation of minerals in the ocean's floor has often been promoted at the 

 expenseof the other values of the marine environment. 



Permission to conduct exploration for underwater oil deposits, for 

 example, has long been under the sole jurisdiction of the Geological 

 Survey office — a bureau of the Interior Department, whose interest 



