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The great environmental systems (air, water, land, life) interact. Each has a 

 myriad of interacting subsystems. The analogy of an elastic web has been 

 used. An impact will affect all parts of the web, but not with equal intensity nor, 

 for man, significance. 



The second understanding adds to the complexity of natural systems those 

 of man's interests in them. There is scarcely a natural resource that has a single 

 use only. Man's interests in natural resources vary according to their objectives. 

 Because a resource may have many uses and because man's interests differ, not 

 all possible uses can be realized simultaneously in the same place. Conflicts are 

 an inevitable result. Resource use may be in economic terms, the use of a resource 

 going to the highest bidder, or the allocation may be made in the political arena 

 according to social judgments that may run counter to market economics. 



A third alternative exists: Planned allocation to several uses with the in- 

 compatible ones separated in space or time. This is what is intended by the ex- 

 pression "multiple use." It is a valid concept that fits contemporary thinking 

 about the environment in which we live and its resources whereby we live, but 

 it has weaknesses as well as strengths. Of itself, the concept provides no answers 

 to our problems. To some persons it seems to legitimize any use of the environ- 

 ment or a natural resource, to provide a right to do so anywhere. Acceptable uses 

 must be planned for. Judgments and allocations among possible and desirable 

 resource uses still have to be made despite the multiple use concept, or, perhaps, 

 because of it, but in a different way than by laissez f aire. 



The temper of the time suggests that no one use or limited cluster of uses 

 should prevail if other desirable uses are thereby precluded. It seems, therefore, 

 that multiple use requires a planned allocation of resources guided by a concern 

 for the general welfare. 



The solution of this problem can take many forms guided by: 1) planning to 

 separate desirable but incompatible resource uses in space or time, and 2) a mixed 

 economy of public and private enterprise. 



Mr. Rogers. Our next witness is Dr. Sidney Galler, Assistant Sec- 

 retary of the Smithsonian Institution. It is always a pleasure to have 

 you. 



STATEMENT OF DR. SIDNEY R. GALLER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY, 

 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION; ACCOMPANIED BY DR. WILLIAM 

 ARON, DEPUTY HEAD, OFFICE OP OCEANOGRAPHY AND LIM- 

 NOLOGY 



Dr. Galler. Thank you. 



I would like to ask Dr. William Aron, Deputy Head of our Office 

 of Oceanography and Limnology, to join me. 



Mr. Rogers. Very well. We will put in your full statement and you 

 may highlight it as you wish. 



Dr. Galler. Mr. Chairman and distinguished members of this sub- 

 committee, Secretary Ripley extends his profound regret at not being 

 able to appear here, and has asked that I deliver the statement. 



Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, the Smithsonian 

 Institution was established in 1846 with a congressional charge to 

 carry out activities for "the increase and diffusion of knowledge among 

 men." It is highly appropriate for this series of hearings ta request a 

 a report on the actions of the Smithsonian which relate to oceanogra- 

 phy, and for the Congress to consider the effectiveness of the Smith- 

 sonian in contributing to the national objectives in marine resources 

 and engineering development. 



As a basic research organization the Institution has pioneered in 

 several research fields, contributing directly to the establishment of the 

 Weather Bureau, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the Geological 



