337 



Mr. MosHER. Mr. Chairman, it might be that paper would be very 

 appropriate for incorporation in the record of this committee. 



Mr. Lennon. What specilic paper is that ? 



Mr. MosHEU. This is a paper Dr. Frosch presented at the conference 

 in Ohio last week, in which he discussed the Navy's concern with pro- 

 posals such as the Malta Kesolution. 



Mr. Lennon. Without objection, if you will furnish that for the 

 record it will appear following your statement and interrogation. 



Dr. Frosch. We will be happy to. 



Mr. Lennon. We will be glad to have it for the record. 



(The address mentioned follows :) 



Address by the Honorable Robert A. Frosch, Assistant Secretary of the 

 Navy for Research and Development 



introduction 



"Military Uses of the Ocean" is an exceedingly broad and complex subject. 

 In presenting some of the present day manifestations of military use of the 

 sea, together with some of the legal problems, oceanographic implications, and 

 future thinking I want to take a quite strictly military view, that is, to present 

 the subject from the point of view of National Security viewed fairly narrowly in 

 terms of the protection of the United States in its present circumstances. This 

 can provide a firm background for discussion both by introducing these views 

 and possibly by throwing down some gauntlets. There are, of course, other non- 

 military interests of the United States which must be taken into account in the 

 formulation of national policy. I will put some emphasis on the technical back- 

 ground requirements of the military uses. 



In order to develop the rationale behind military use of the sea, it would be 

 well to first discuss it in a general sense based on taxonomy of military uses. 



Many military uses of the ocean stem from general uses of the ocean : Where 

 man goes his problems go, where man's problems go his conflicts go, and where 

 man's conflicts go his military forces follow. A second class of military uses of 

 the ocean stem from special properties of the ocean, including the fact that 

 there is no sovereignty there, the fact that the sea provides special kinds of 

 concealment, and the fact that it is an arena generally empty of human popula- 

 tion concentrations. A third class of military uses stems from uses generated in 

 response to the military uses called out by the first two classes, and by those 

 in the third class. (I fold the third class into itself to avoid a useless sequence.) 



In the first class (military uses generated in response to non-military uses) 

 we find policing prolblems, including the protection of our own shipping, fish- 

 ing, shores, and property at sea. 



In the second class (military uses generated from special properties of the 

 sea) we may put deterrence forces, sea based forces for attacks on foreign 

 shores, and forces based at sea for surveillance of foreign activities. The ocean 

 is also used as a convenient place for testing of some military systems. 



In the third class (military uses generated by other military uses) we 

 may put anti-submarine warfare (ASW), air defense of and attacks on fleets, 

 submarine attacks on fleets, surveillance of military forces, etc. We also in- 

 clude here the problem of providing the scientific and technological basis for 

 military use of the sea. 



The remainder of this paper will describe some of the particular uses and 

 consequences in a general way. to try to provide some basic information on 

 military interests in the oceans. 



Some Specific Military Uses of the Sea 



In general, the United States Navy may be considered to be made up of 

 Strategic Deterrent Forces (class two), Anti-Submarine Warefare Forces (class 

 three), and Tactical Foi'ces (all three classes). 



The first basic force structure is the Strategic Deterrent Forces, in par- 

 ticular, our Fleet Ballistic Missile submarines. The success of the POLARIS 

 program as a major component of our national strategic deterrence system, has 

 thrust the POLARIS submarine to the fore. POLARIS, with a high degree of 



