30 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
habits of particular fish, reasons for their migration, or of means to 
increase stocks and catches. 
Ocean water, and especially the ocean bed, may be the source of 
minerals that the world must exploit when ores and fossil fuels now 
found on land are depleted. ‘These resources are now unknown in rich- 
ness and distribution. Extensive, sophisticated surveys may be re- 
quired to inventory this potential. We have examined problems of 
protecting the public from the many threats posed by the sea, in- 
cluding pollution, storms, seismic activity, and erosion, while at the 
same time acknowledging the oceans’ beneficial and aesthetic char- 
acter and its impact on recreation. Finally, we have recognized here 
the sea’s limitations as an atomic waste absorber and its function in 
relation to the making of weather. 
An important function of the long-range plan is to permit the 
formulation of the individual annual programs in more coherent 
fashion. We are thus enabled each year to take stock of ourselves 
and to see where we stand in the context of the 10-year effort. 
Mr. Chairman, I think it worthwhile to note a significant change 
in our approach to the program planning process, which has occurred 
since our last meeting. At that time, our young committee was con- 
cerned with initiating a program of national importance. Prior to 
that time, the salient problems we had were: 
(a) A lack of resources—ships, labs, men, tools, and money: 
(6) Lack of awareness at the departmental level of the rela- 
tionship of oceanography to individual agency roles and missions; 
(c) Spotty communications among and within agencies; and 
(d) Nostrong definition of long-range goals. 
At the time of the hearings the [CO was in the midst of tackhng 
and reducing these problems, as reflected in our annual issuance of the 
national oceanographic program documents. As evidence of this, 
I would like to introduce ICO Pamphlet No. 11, national oceano- 
graphic program, fiscal year 1964. 
(See app. 6, p. 495.) 
You will note that this pamphlet, like its predecessors, approaches 
the problem of program organization via the avenue of function, in 
terms of effort—that is research, surveys, international cooperation, 
and support—that is, design and construction of instruments, facil- 
ities, and ships, and development of trained manpower. Now, note 
the arrangement of our pamphlet No. 15, the program document for 
the forthcoming fiscal year 1965. 
(See app. 7, p. 567.) 
This is the first annual plan prepared since publication of the long- 
range plan, and it begins to be oriented toward the goals we have laid 
out. I would like to invite your attention to this document for a few 
moments. In it we have tried to follow the theme of our long-range 
plan and to organize our resources to exploit the diverse ways in which 
the oceans contribute to the Nation’s security and welfare. In plan- 
ning our oceanographic effort, we have categorized our research into 
the following: 
(a) Physical properties and motion of the sea: Weare aiming for 
improvements in ship design, more efficient commerce, antisubmarine 
warfare advantages, and better disaster control. 
