NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 31 
(b) Ocean-atmosphere interrelationships: The objectives relevant 
to this category include both weather and ocean prediction. 
(c) Biological properties: More effective exploitation of the ocean’s 
living resources is the most important goal in this section. 
(d) Structure and history of the sea floor: We envision research 
application to antisubmarine warfare problems, mapping require- 
ments, and development of mineral and other resources. 
(e) Modification of the sea: Undesirable and dangerous effects of 
pollution of coastal and estuarine waters on food resources and on rec- 
reational areas are already well known and are likely to increase unless 
checked by wise planning. The potential danger of release of radio- 
active material in the ocean also needs thorough and continuing study. 
In each of these cases, research of various kinds is essential. 
The ocean also can be deliberately modified in local areas in order to 
achieve certain desirable results: beach erosion can be controlled, sur- 
face waves minimized, et cetera. At present, achievements of this sort 
are slow in forthcoming, but research directed toward increased useful 
modification of the sea 1s needed. 
A topic of great concern to the ICO concerns deep research vehicles. 
A very few scientists have for a long time proclaimed an urgent need 
for the means by which man can descend to take personal charge of 
operations in the deep sea environment. These voices went mostly un- 
heeded, for, as you know, man responds best to challenge and for many 
years, challenge was lacking. The tragic loss of the submarine 
Thresher, however, has awakened many of us to our inability to cope 
with such disasters. Two weeks ago I was privileged to preside at the 
dedication of Alvin, the first deep research vehicle designed and con- 
structed in this country. 
Up to this time, the only American-owned vehicle capable of operat- 
ing at the depth where the 7hresher was lost was the bathyscaph 
Trieste [—now remodeled as Trieste JJ. The future looks somewhat 
better; we hope that Aluminaut and Deep Star will be completed this 
year. Significantly, both of these vehicles have been designed and 
constructed by industrial firms without Government support. 
A matter which has concerned the ICO almost from its inception is 
the achievement of the proper balance between effort and resources to 
which I alluded briefly at the start of my discussion. 
A productive research program requires adequate resources In many 
areas. If the program is to maintain a healthy growth, this growth 
must be maintained in phase among the ships which are the labora- 
tories of oceanography, scientists to man the ships and conduct the 
research programs, facilities to support the ships and to train the 
scientists, and tools with which the scientist can conduct his experi- 
ments. The ICO is aware of the need for the establishment of useful 
ways of relating resources to effort so that we can more intelligently 
develop our program plans. Some of these indexes are difficult to 
evaluate. 
We know, for instance, that about four persons are required ashore 
to support a man at sea; that it requires about $30,000 to support a 
research oceanographer; that about one-fourth of our research funds 
go merely to fuel, crew, and to repair our ships, and that it takes 
about 6 years past the baccalaureate for an oceanographer to attain 
