54 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
view of our national interest. it was well past the time when this Nation could 
and should afford to step up its program of oceanographic research, as a matter 
of practical exploitation. 
The ICO responded by paying particular attention to encouragement of basic 
research in preparation of its annual national programs; primarily through the 
mechanisms of the Office of Naval Research, which doubled its oceanographic 
research support from 1960 to 1964, and the National Science Foundation, which 
tripled its research support during the same period. Not only were the recog- 
nized centers of oceanographic research in the United States considerably ag- 
grandized but at least half a dozen new laboratories were established in the 
country. In addition, a number of small colleges instituted courses in oceanog- 
raphy and undertook a small degree of productive research with partial Govern- 
ment support. 
This growth was extremely encouraging not only to its practitioners, but to 
the Government scientific administrators who play such a large part in its at- 
tainment. However, it is possible that some balance was lost in this drive for 
funding since a special panel of experts later convened by the assistant to the 
President for Science and Technology reported that the Federal inhouse research 
program appeared to be somewhat undernourished by comparison. This obser- 
vation may have resulted from a comparison of program budget data for the 
period 1960 to 1965. In 1960, research supported by Federal Government grants 
and contracts to academie and industrial laboratories amounted to about $17 
million: at the same time the aggregate effort mounted by Government labora- 
tories amounted to some $10 million. Although at first glance this would seem to 
favor the private laboratories, the large number of academic and industrial 
laboratories should be recognized. as compared to Federal laboratories prosecut- 
ing oceanographic projects. In 1965 funds for sponsored research in academic 
and industrial laboratories amount to approximately $40 million whereas inhouse 
research is in the neighborhood of $29 million. 
Within the Federal laboratories, the largest users of research funds are the 
Oceanographic Office of the Navy ($5 million), and the complexes of fisheries 
research laboratories (about $12 million), and Navy laboratories (about $5 mil- 
lion). Although there are exceptions to the rule, it may generally be assumed 
that funds given to university laboratories support mainly basic research while 
Federal laboratories are engaged in projects of application to the mission of the 
parent agency. During the formative years of the national oceanographic pro- 
gram, almost no research funds passed from the Government to industry except 
in an indirect manner (i.e.. design and fabrication of instruments for univer- 
sity research contractors, ete.). However, in fiscal year 1965 nearly $2 million 
is scheduled for industry on direct Federal contract for research excluding the 
Mohole project. At the same time an increasingly large share of the research 
(including instrumentation design) budget passes indirectly to industry through 
Federal and non-Federal laboratories. It is estimated that at the present time 
industry receives over $10 million in research and instrumentation contracts 
annually—a healthy trend. 
Mr. Baver. Thank you, sir. 
Mr. Lennon. Thank you, Dr. Wakelin. 
We appreciate your attendance here this morning and we certainly 
wish you well and regret that you will not be back in your capacity as 
the head of ICO. Our only hope is that your successor will be as 
dedicated, knowledgeable, and interested as you have demonstrated 
over the years. 
Dr. Waxetrn. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. 
Mr. Lennon. It is indicated here that our next witness is Mr. Don- 
ald L. McKernan, Chairman, Interagency Committee on Oceanog- 
raphy, Panel on Instrumentation and Facilities. We have had him 
here before us many times and I might say he wears a number of hats. 
We are glad to have him here again in this official capacity. 
