74 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
Soviet Union under the auspices of UNESCO. This wil be held prob- 
ably in 1966—the spring of 1966. 
_ Mr. Casry. Do you think their cooperation merits that sort of an 
honor? 
Dr. Maxwexty. With regard to their participation in the Commis- 
sion, certainly along with ourselves, they have been one of the leaders 
in this field and have encouraged many other countries to develop 
programs, both national programs, and international programs in 
oceanography. I think the Soviets are making a genuine effort in 
this field to cooperate with us. We have learned a lot from them. 
We have had an exchange of personnel between our ships and their 
ships. I think this is good for oceanography for the two countries 
to do this. 
T think they deserve the recognition of holding the second congress 
in the Soviet Union. 
Mr. Casny. Thank you very much, Doctor. 
Tomorrow we will hear from Dr. Wallen and Commander Nygren, 
and Captain Treadwell and Dr. Jacobs. 
We will resume our hearings tomorrow morning at 10 o’clock. 
(Dr. Maxwell’s prepared statement follows :) 
STATEMENT By Dr. ARTHUR E. MAXWELL, HEAD, GEOPHYSICS BRANCH OF THE 
OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH, AND CHAIRMAN OF THE INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE 
ON OCEANOGRAPHY PANEL ON INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 
Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, it is a great pleasure to appear 
before you as Chairman of the Panel on International Programs. Personally, I 
feel that this is one of the most important panels of the Interagency Committee 
on Oceanography. 
The oceans like the atmosphere are amenable to international cooperation be- 
cause events which happen in one portion may have far-reaching effects at 
remote locations and great distances. For example, changes in the oceanic 
circulation off the coast of Florida may produce a profound effect at a later 
time off the coast of Norway. This, plus the facts that the sheer size of the 
ocean and that it belongs to no particular nation, makes it particularly con- 
ducive to international scientific cooperation. In spite of these factors, sci- 
entific cooperation un oceanic research will be practical only when the sums 
of the scientific, economic, and political benefits are useful. Obviously, the 
science would not be good unless the scientific programs are sound and yet 
sound programs may not likely be supported unless they serve the government’s 
needs in economics or politics. Nonetheless, experience has shown over the past 
decade or so that many scientific programs in oceanography fulfill these re- 
quirements. Many instances can be cited where international cooperation in 
oceanie research has been useful. For example, it has speeded up the explora- 
tion in areas where little has been known. The International Indian Ocean Ex- 
pedition and the International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical At- 
lantic are both examples of this type of program. We would have had no more 
than cursory information on either of these areas had it not been for these co- 
operative programs in which many nations participated. Likewise, inyestiga- 
tions of this type have provided a mechanism for the intercalibration of tech- 
niques whereby standardized methods are introduced and observations taken 
by one country may be compared directly with another. 
Further, there are many scientific studies which can be accomplished only 
through the concerted efforts of many nations since no single nation has either 
the manpower or resources to carry out the program singularly. Some ex- 
amples of these kinds of scientific programs are the study of air-sea inter- 
action which involves the exchange of energy and material between the atmos- 
phere and the ocean. Often these studies require synoptic or nearly simul- 
taneous measurements made over very large areas of the earth’s surface. Ob- 
viously, to obtain the data required for studies of this nature, the participation 
of many countries is required. Similarly, fluctuations in sea level which occur 
