NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 103 
The agency heads on the ICO have their own executive authority and 
can put recommendations into effect as they see fit. 
Mr. Rocrrs. Have you ever had to do this? 
Commander Nryeren. It is possible, sir, but in my limited experience 
I do not know. 
Mr. Rogers. Thank you very much. 
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 
Mr. Baver. Commander, there are several things I would like to 
discuss. 
First, just what do we mean by “surveys”? Am I correct in my 
thinking that there are really two classes of surveys ? 
One is of a large-scale nature where you explore some area of ocean 
which has never been touched before to find out if there is something 
interesting, and one is a small-scale operation. 
Are those the two types of survey ? 
Commander Nycren. One would be called a reconnaissance-type 
survey, and the other would be a detailed survey. 
T think the problem is defining what is a survey effort and what isa 
research effort at. sea. Not so much as differentiating between different 
types of surveys. 
Mr. Bauer. You do have to have the reconnaissance survey first to 
find out what you want to look at with the magnifying glass? 
Commander Nyeren. Yes. That was the purpose of the NASCO 
recommendations for ocean surveys. 
Mr. Bauer. Really, our capability with respect to surveys depends 
upon the availability of ships that are capable of carrying on surveys; 
is that correct ? 
In other words, without the ship you cannot carry on a survey; is 
that right? 
Commander Nreren. Yes. 
Mr. Bauer. Now, with respect to the Navy’s $14 million, I have 
been given to believe that these ships for the foreseeable future will 
be working on special military projects and would not be available 
for general reconnaissance surveys; is that correct ? 
Commander Nycren. I would rather you directed that question to 
Captain Treadwell. 
Mr. Bauer. I shall be very happy to. 
That leaves the Coast Survey as the only source of vessels in the 
Government that are in the survey business; is that correct? 
Commander Nyeren. Yes. If you accept the fact that the contribu- 
tions from the Coast Guard and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 
which are by no means negligible are not within this predetermined 
type of survey. 
Mr. Bausr. True, but as far as concentrating on survey operations, 
the Coast Survey is the only one? 
Commander Nreren. Yes. 
Mr. Bauer. With respect to reconnaissance survey, have we made as 
much use of ships as we can ? 
It seems to me if you can get information at a certain geographical 
location within a certain accurancy at a particular time, that informa- 
tion should be capable of being fed into a computer and you could 
come out with general information that would help the overall recon- 
naissance type of survey. 
