386 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
c. A number of studies are carried out on lakes, bogs, and 
swamps, mostly in the Minnesota area. Stratigraphic sediment sare analyzed 
to elucidate lake evolution. 
C. Office of Naval Research 
The Office of Naval Research sponsors a wide variety of Great 
Lakes research in most of the "big ten" schools in that area, These projects 
are sponsored in the geophysics, biology, and geography branches of ONR. 
Although these projects are classified properly as basic research,ultimate 
application can be seen in most cases, and oceanography is also generally 
enhanced by this "laboratory" study of lakes as test tubes for oceanic 
application. 
1. Determination of currents in the Great Lakes. 
a. J. C. Ayers, Great Lakes Research Division, University 
of Michigan. 
b. To evolve a mathematical method for determination of 
currents in deep lakes. 
ec. Computations of dynamic heights have been evolved in manner 
very similar to those used jn the deo) occans. ‘lhese have been simplified 
in turn by independent determination of expansive effects of temperature and 
compressive effects of pressure. Also, new tables have been prepared,directly 
readable to 0.1° centigrade. The method has been applied in Lake Huron. 
2. Aerial sensing of environmental conditions on the ground. 
a. R. A. Bryson, University of Wisconsin 
b. To improve capabilities of determining environmental 
conditions on the ground by rapid aerial survey methods. 
ec. A wide variety of air-borne sensors is being used to survey 
an area extending from Wisconsin and the Great Lakes to the Arctic, emphasizing 
the thermal and ice regimes of lakes and vegetation as major indicators of 
environmental conditions. Relationships are determined between environmental 
factors especially on a seasonal basis in order to sense some conditions from 
other conditions. 
d. $90,000 
*3. Map transformation studies. 
Bo» Wile Jha Tobler, University of Michigan. 
b. To investigate map distortions of lines, angles and areas. 
