NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 387 
ec. Digital computer techniques are applied to investigations 
and correction of these distortions. The projection areas are evaluated to 
determine overall probable error envolved in a particular map; projection 
distortion is corrected in connections with problems of changing map scales. 
a. $17,000 
h. Compilation of freezing and thawing dates for the Great Lakes 
and surrounding arcas,. 
a. lt. A. Ragotzkie, University of Wisconsin. 
b. To study the freezing and thawing of lake ice as events 
in the annual heat cycle of a lake. To determine dates useful as climatic 
indicators. 
ce. All available information is compiled and combined with 
field studies to determine the exact dates of freeze-ups and break-ups of 
lake ice in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, and Canada. This compilation 
is published in a report to the Office of Naval Research. 
5. Studies on orientation and of migration of fishes. 
a. A. D. Hasler, Professor of Zoology, University of : 
Wisconsin. 
. b. Yo study sensory mechanisms to which fish respond in the 
Great Lakes environment. 
c. The role and importance of chemical sensors in the lives 
of fishes are investigated, primarily in the laboratory. The ability of 
fishes to respond to various fresh-water and marine odors is studied as are 
sound production and perception in fish. Concentrations of fishes are mapped 
in the Great Lakes area using echo sounding instruments. 
#6, Metabolism of insect pests. 
a. W. H. McShan, Professor of Zoology, University of Wisconsin. 
b. To study RNA (ribonucleic acid) content of several species 
of fresh water zooplankton, in order to relate this factor to trophic level 
and primary productivity. 
c. The electron microscope is used to study insect thoracic 
or flight muscle. Intact tissue and particulates are studied. Chemical 
composition and enzymatic properties of the partieles are evaluated. 
