NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 391 
8, Radionuclides and fresh-water clams. 
a. l.. George l’ahl, Associate Professor of Biology, St Mary's 
College. 
b. To observe the reaction of fresh water clams under 
radioactive environments. 
c. A number of species of clams are studied with radionuclides 
to observe their productivity and fate. 
F, Geological Survey 
The U. S. Geological Survey is rather active in the Great Lakes 
arsa. Its effort is conducted on an in-house basis, cooperatively with city 
and state geological surveys and engineering staffs in local municipalities. 
A program which is supported half from the states and half from the federal 
government is concerned with the monitoring of the water inflow and outflow 
of the Great Lakes. Urban area water supplies and resources are studied. 
In particular a system study of the Maumee Itiver is being carried out to 
determine the salts, sediments, and pollution being carried into Jake Mrie. 
A project of areal radiological measurements is being carried 
out by means of these surveys in the Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Chicago areas. 
Geologists of the survey fly over and monitor ground patterns covering 
10,000 sq. miles or more. Magnetometer surveys are being conducted in the 
area around Lake Superior to complete an aeromagnetic map of that general 
area. Another project concerns the study of sedimentary rocks adjacent to 
the Great Lakes. This entire program is being funded at a rate of about 
$1.5 Million. 
The Geological Survey is carrying out a special project in Burnt 
Lake, Michigan in connection with which they are developing special bottom 
sensors. These scnsors will be towed behind ships to determine bulk density 
and radioactivity of sediments. 
The objective of the project entitled ‘thermal Characteristics of 
the Lakes, headed by John Ficke, is to study lake temperatures and their 
relation to hydrometeorologic conditions, the energy required to maintain 
isothermal condiiions, methods of eliminating temperature stratification, 
and changes in water quality, biota, and evaporation due to elimination of 
the thermocline. 
G. Weather Bureau 
The Weather Bureau oceanography research in the Great Lakes region 
is motivated primarily by the desire to investigate several problems of 
general oceanic interest in a region in which they could be more or less 
isolated from other phenomena and incidentally provide some assistance to: 
our public ferecast program. Two projects, initiated with respect to the 
