NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 399 
2. LAKE LEVELS 
General Deserintion and Objectives of the Prosran: Long tern laie level 
-fluctuat.ons are a function of the net supply to the laxe basin. Sjort term 
fluctuations also occur anc are the result of surges, seiches and baremetric 
pressure variations. Such fluctuations bear in varyinz cegrees unon riparian 
“interests, navigation and power. They also cause variations in river flow, the 
Snore ~rocesses, currents and the rate and direction of groundwater flow. ‘he 
objective of this progran is not only to develop a better understandin, cf tne 
factors causin,; lake level variations, but zlso to improve the utilization of 
the water resource and to recuce the frejuency and extent of water-csused Canave 
for the greatest oossible benefit of all interests. wxtensive ccordirution and 
ecoper:.uien with both Canecian and U. S. agencies is envisioned. 
iro) rey ORO, 
Improve gage patterns, installations unc operation so cs to be able to 
Getermine, :anicly and accuratel;, the instant mean level of the lake. ; 
investigate the factors and derive their efrcets relative to lake levels, 
including such as runoff, vrecivitation on lake surface, river ana aquifer inflow 
and outflow, evanoration loss, groundwater inflow and outflow, anu diversions 
from and into lakes. 
Investigate the economics of lake levels and. the hazards to life ana 
-property reJated thereto for use in lake regulasion and construction planning. 
Levelop and/or" refine plans for the rerulation of lake levels and 
outflows. 
Develop and/or refine methods of forcenstin; lake levels sng noviza= 
tion denthe. Publish neriedie forceasts as necdcd. 
Ynvestisatoe eke level disturp:mee:: wich us wind widcus, cures 
and seiches anil thei: cffeets on navipation, wover, veereation und ripuriun 
interests. Dcvelop methods of forceastin, Lake level disturbances. 
3. ICE FORMATICN 
General Deseription of the Promran: knowledge of the ice chenonenon 
on the Sreat Lakes is extremely limited. Its presence affccts navigetion ana 
power, water levels, river discharges, and lake evaporstion rates, its ncove- 
sent c2uses scourof shores und sadixentation in channels; it has caused d=maze- 
ZO structures ane proseceive works in navigable waters as well as floods ana the 
destructicn oi shore properties. The extensive water anc air tcmeercives, current 
ana wina data which is to be accumiates, lake iy dake, auring whe next five yesxs 
will, wien coupled with periodic observitions of “ce lerm: tion and movement, 
sreutiy inercase useful knowleds c of the »nhenomenon. The purpose of the nrogran 
is tO uccuire, in cooperation with Canudian and U. S. agencies, and analyse 
Canta over the entire Great Lakes needed for development of forces tin, teenmicues, 
desimm of ice resulation or control works, che “mel des sign, improved Linke remula- 
tion plans, development of techniques to retard ice formticn in hsibors and .channels 
and to reduce or climinate floodinz due to jamin;. Uncer whe aegis o1 the 
Canadian Committee on Oceanography, agencies of the Canadian Governnent have 
begun the studies of ice in Canadian waters of the Great Lakes. 
