400 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
Projectas 
_.zwecord from serial observations the formation, extent, sevencnt, «and 
break-up 0. ice in the Unitec States side of all lekes and in U. S&S. hurbors 
Make detailed observetions from air, land and shipboard of ice and ‘ 
related fxetors successively covering each lake, its harbors and outflow 
river, and recoré Pormation, extent, thickness, cuality, movement and break-up. 
Investiggte the effects of ice on river flows, power plant operations, 
structures, channél banks and lake shores. 
Prepare and disseminate synoptic ice charts as necded. 
Determine the relationship between ice and the causative factors. 
Devise methods of forecasting the formation and break-up of ice, and 
publish the forecasts as needed. 
Incernorate in lake regulation -lans the measures to recuce «adverse 
eifeects of ice. 
Investigate methods to reduce or eliminate ice in navigation channels 
ax harbors such as by introducing air in deep water, ay circulation of water, 
by instsllinj: booms ond by use of ‘ice breakers. 
4. WAVE ACTION. \ 
General Description of the Program: -Javes affect navigution, shore pro- 
cesses, structures, protective works and the formation of ice covers adverscly. 
uxceot in a gross sense, little is knawn of the formation, decay and effccts 
of waves in the Great Lekes environment. The need tor wave knowledge for use 
in the solution of practical, economically important problems is «reat. The 
ovjectives ot this progran are to determine the causes of wave formation, froth 
and decay in lakes, rivers and harbors; to determine the effects of waves vnon 
nzvigation (vessels, channels and: harbors), upon ice formation ané movement, uvon 
the shore processes, and upon structures end protective works; and,  Jhrou, hy the - 
analysis ol the data, to furnish information for the improvement of channel and 
harbor desi.ns, to devclop wave forecasting techniques, to ceternine sailins 
courses less subject to severe storm wave interference, and to provice informe= 
tion needed in the desizn of protective works end for the reryulation of vessel 
speeas in restricted wators. 
Projects:: 
Record deepwater waves successively in eacn laku for one year by 
weve recorders attached to stations installed by Puulie Health Service. 
(Other methods of wave observation svch as aerial photography will be evaluated 
and uidilised it desirable and economically feasible.) 
Record waves in three selected hsrbors by wave recorders and aeria’ 
vhoto; ranny. 5 
Comnile and. make statisticel analysis of wave reconcen 
F Determine the relationship of wave growth and amplitude to wind 
speed, dircetion, curation, fetch, and, water and air temperatures. 
Study the wave action in harbors and relate to lalko waves snd to 
harbor cl\imensionse 
Prepare and publish charts showiny wave characteristics by re;:ions 
for typical storms. 
Derive mothods of forecasting waves in specific areas for rocrea- 
tion, navigation and shore interosts, and in cooperation with U. S. \feather 
Bureau ciiisseminate these forecasts as needed. 
