NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 403 
of this latter phenomenon although some evidence exists to indicate that lakes 
are losing or gaining water through this type of flow. In order to determine 
the existence and magnitude of these ground flows, extensive gcologic in- 
vestigations will be required. Accordingly, this program will be coordinated 
in detail with the U. S. Geologic Survey as well as with interested Canadian 
agencies, | 
Projects: . 
Derive the amount of water entering the lakes from groundwater flow 
and the amount of lake water stored in the ground. 
Determine the relationship of groundwater levels to lake levels. 
Investigate the deep subterranean flows from and to the lakes, 
Incorporate the knowledge of groundwater and deep subterranean 
flow in methods of forecasting water supply and lake levels, 
9. SHORELINE CONSERVATION 
reneral Description of the Program: Knowledge of the shore processes in 
lakes and rivers of the basin is sketchy. In order to understand the processes, 
the shoreline effects of wave action, of surges, of seiches, of currents, of 
water levels, of vessel wake, of ice scour and the like require determination, 
upon which may then be based the designs for correction or control. The know- 
ledge will serve a host of interests such as recreation (beaches),.private and 
commercial riparian interests, engineering (designs of channels, harbors and 
control works). The program will be initiated concurrently with the beginning 
of data collection by the Public Health Service on Lake Michigan in FY 64. I+ 
is contemplated that the detailed project plan and its execution will be 
coordinated with the Beach Erosion Board. 
Projects: 
From available data and additional field investigations determine 
relationship between causative forces and quantitative along-shore material 
transport. 
Investigate the lateral movement of material (shore to off-shore 
and reverse) and determine the forces and conditions under which this action 
occurs, 
Evaluate effects of DE waves (including storm waves) on shore 
and near-shore topography. 
Evaluate the effects of lake levels on the shore and near-shore 
processes, 
Study the shoreline effects of inshore structures. Devise methods 
of predicting these effects and of designing compensating or control works. 
; Develop methods of estimating the maximum predicted wave and derive 
its action against various structures. 
Determine means of conserving shoreline against natural and man- 
caused forces. 
