NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 405 
of the magnitude, seasonal variations and causative factors will contribute 
to science and to practical use in forecasting water supplies. The evapora- 
tion can be evaluated by indirect methods such as accounting for all incoming 
and outgoing water, the difference being the losses caused by evaporation, 
A similar method is by measuring incoming and outgoing heat energy, the 
difference being the energy required to cause evaporation, During the 
summer of 1963, instruments will be placed on South Manitou Island in Lake 
Michigan and on a tower erected in Lake Michigan one mile from shore in the 
vicinity of Muskegon, Michigan. These instruments will measure the incoming 
: 
and outgoing heat energy and many other factors. The project, started this 
year, will continue through 1965 and is a joint effort among Weather Bureau, 
the University of Michigan, the Public Health Service and the Lake Survey. 
The tower is owned by the Corps. 
ICE FORMATION AND RELATED PHENOMENA. Two projects closely 
related are in operation or being Siaanen in this field. One is the conduct of 
aerial ice sheceraons and ie other is the accomplishment of detailed ice 
surveys. 
Aerial ice observations were initiated by Canadian Department of 
Transport two years ago, The Lake Survey project started early this year 
with a Bilo€ study, principally of Lake Michigan, and will be expanded to 
regular observations of the U. S. waters of all lakes next winter. Two trained 
ice observers from the District are to be flown by the Civil Air Patrol over the 
