436 
industries, desirable for the mining industry, 
and indispensable to the oceanographic scientists 
themselves. The oil industry has traditionally 
supplied its own oceanography. 
The new capabilities and systems to be pur- 
chased during this decade include 85 to 97 new 
research and survey ships (about 52 will be addi- 
tions to the fleet, and the remainder replacements 
for vessels now in operation) six to eight sub- 
mersibles for the exploration of depths froma few 
to 18,000 feet, and one designed for 36,000 
feet; approximately 12 new major government 
oceanographic laboratories or facilities, plus 
underwater experimental installations for mining 
on the continental shelves. 
Possibilities which may be added to these in- 
clude: 
An operational oceanographic forecasting 
system for general use; 
Automatic recording and telemetering buoys 
for ocean surveys; 
Additional meso- and bathyscaphs; 
Operational fish farms; and 
Radically new fishing vessel designs and 
equipment. 
Based on the current manpower projection, 
the ten-year comparison in capabilities and 
systems is planned to appear as follows: 
1963 1972 
Ships 76 128 
Major Laboratories over50 over 70 
Professional Manpower 2700 over 6000 
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
The extensive ocean survey program on which 
the United States has embarked can be enhanced 
by international cooperation. The Intergovern- 
mental Oceanographic Commission (IO€) of 
UNESCO is undertaking to organize this coop- 
eration, as it has the International Indian Ocean 
Expedition and the Tropical Atlantic Investiga- 
tions, both of which the United States supports. 
Even the five largest oceanographic nations—the 
U.S., the USSR, Japan, the United Kingdom, 
and Canada—cannot support individual efforts 
capable of meeting all their own needs and will 
find it advantageous to pool their efforts with 
each other and the 39 smaller members of the 
IOC for many desirable programs. 
The United States organization for coordi- 
nating federal efforts in oceanography, the In- 
teragency Committee on Oceanography of the 
Federal Council for Science and Technology, 
needs strengthening to meet its growing obliga- 
tions. It should add a small full-time analytical 
staff to its present Secretariat, and funds should 
be provided for studies, where necessary, to draw 
on competence outside the Federal Government. 
Otherwise, many of the approximations and value 
judgments which, with time and effort, might 
have been made more exact and objective in this 
plan will remain to hamper future planning, and 
the consequences for the planned program of un- 
expected setbacks and unforeseen opportunities 
which will inevitably occur in the future may not 
be seen quickly and clearly enough to permit an 
optimal accommodation. 
