NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
environmental constraints as torpedoes, missiles, 
and bombs have to push their way long distances 
at high speeds through the water or penetrate the 
interface between the sea and air without undue 
interference from waves, to find their optimal 
depth for detonation. 
“Habitability” in the deep sea environment into 
which future submarines are expected to penetrate 
must be studied before the various compromises 
between size, structural strength, performance, 
and expense can be made intelligently. The abil- 
ity of divers to work underwater with varying 
degrees of mechanical assistance is also of inter- 
est. The Bureau of Weapons and the Bureau of 
Medicine have important oceanographic programs 
in these areas. 
The Navy's concern with these and many other 
facets of the ocean environment is reflected within 
its oceanographic budget. In Fiscal Year 1963, the 
Navy effort accounts for about 44 percent of the 
federal funding—$57 million of a total of $123 
million. In addition to this work, the results of 
which may be applicable to many nonmilitary 
problems, the Navy allocates a substantial addi- 
tional amount ($26 million in FY 1963) to projects 
which are classified or which are of a more direct 
and unique military nature. These latter projects 
are not included within the scope of the program 
embraced by this report but are detailed in 
TENOC—the Navy’s comprehensive Ten-Year 
Plan in Oceanography. 
Over the ten-year (1963-1972) period of this 
long-range plan, the Navy total is expected to be 
about $835 million, about 36 percent of the whole. 
Military oceanography not included in the plan 
amounts to $480 million additional. 
These fiscal requirements would be greater 
still if interagency cooperation did not exist to 
make available to the Navy, information about 
planning of research on biological phenomenon 
by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the 
Smithsonian Institution, and on the characteris- 
tics of the ocean bottom of importance to ASW, 
Mine, and Amphibious Warfare, by the Coast and 
Geodetic Survey and the Geological Survey. The 
Army Corps of Engineers also contributes much 
information on harbor and channel regions in 
support of navigation and Mine Warfare opera- 
tions, and the Atomic Energy Commission coop- 
erates with all three services in atomic tests where 
underwater sound propagation, wave propaga- 
10 
443 
tion, shock effects, contaminant dispersal, and 
cratering can all be studied. 
It is implicit that while various agencies con- 
tribute to defense oceanography the converse also 
occurs. As we have already seen, this is particu- 
larly true of programs sponsored by the Office of 
Naval Research. It is also true of the work of the 
Oceanographic Office. Nearly one-third of the 
Navy’s oceanographic budget is devoted to sup- 
porting research in universities and private 
laboratories. Thus, the Navy’s support of basic 
and applied research, amounting to about 22 
percent of the entire national oceanographic bud- 
get in 1963 and nearly 20 percent over the coming 
decade, does a very important double duty. It 
supports the national defense effort, but simultan- 
eously it strengthens basic science upon which 
progress in oceanography so greatly depends. 
Earlier, it was noted that the Navy’s primary 
motivation for oceanography was related to its 
position as a member of the defense team of our 
Nation, and within this team, to maintain the 
freedom of the seas. As the remainder of the 
National Plan and its goals are described, it 
would be well to remember that the pursuit of 
oceanography toward each of these other goals 
is dependent on this freedom of the seas which 
the Navy provides, and which the Navy’s oceanoy 
graphic program sustains. 
C. Managing Resources in the World Ocean 
The tyranny of nature is still the tyranny of 
most consequence to people throughout much of 
the world, and for these people the freedom of 
greatest immediate interest is the freedom from 
want. The two aspects of freedom, freedom from 
the tyranny of nature and freedom from the tyr- 
anny of thoughtless or malevolent men, meet in 
the world’s oceans where the largely unregulated 
activities of men promise increasingly to create 
problems of world health, of the safety of opera- 
tions, and of the ownership and use of important 
resources one of which, food, could relieve the 
cruel grip of hunger now confronting so many of 
the world’s people. 
Estimates of this potential are easy to arrive at 
but difficult to justify. The present world fish catch 
is estimated at about 40 million metric tons, or a 
bit over 88 billion pounds. World protein con- 
sumption now totals something like 400 million 
metric tons, so that if everyone’s diet were the 
