448 
Since the problem is international, it is necessary 
that the solution to it will be also. 
Less spectacular but nevertheless of importance 
are the ravages of marine organisms on man- 
made structures. For example, it is estimated that 
about $250 million is spent annually for mainte- 
nance and repair of damage caused by marine 
organisms. Oceanographic work sponsored or con- 
ducted by the Navy’s Bureau of Yards and Docks, 
the Office of Naval Research, the Maritime Admin- 
istration, and the Atomic Energy Commission all 
has a bearing on this problem. 
2. SAFETY AT SEA 
Closely related to protecting life and property 
along the coasts is the responsibility to help assure 
the safety of operations at sea. It is shared by the 
Coast Guard, the Navy, the Coast and Geodetic 
Survey, and the Weather Bureau. For example, 
the annual spring “calving” of glaciers into haz- 
ardous floating icebergs and cakes of many sizes 
is monitored and warnings to shipping issued by 
the Coast Guard’s conduct of the International 
Ice Patrol. Theoretical studies to support better 
prediction of likely courses taken by sea-ice and 
how long it can be expected to take to melt are 
also important. Weather Bureau and Navy weath- 
er predictions at sea are invaluable to shipping, 
and Coast and Geodetic Survey and Navy Ocea- 
nographic Office charts of navigational hazards 
and aids are being constantly improved and up- 
dated from survey work. As submarines go deeper, 
detailed bottom mapping will assume even greater 
importance as will determining the location of 
sea mounts and underwater mountain ranges 
rising toward the surface. 
With the advent of meteorological satellites, 
their potential in oceanography must be explored. 
There are already indications that they will be 
useful in surveys of sea-surface temperatures and 
radiation (heat budget of the ocean), ice reconnais- 
sance and sea-state observations. Such information 
will help greatly in oceanographic forecasts. It is 
expected that at the end of the ten-year period the 
Weather Bureau will be making a substantial 
effort in helping to solve these problems. 
Most of the protective effort against natural 
hazards is operational or engineering, so that the 
small funding for oceanography under this goal 
15 
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
(about two percent of the ten-year oceanographic 
budget) is only a small part of the story. 
F. Summary 
To comprehend the world ocean, its boundaries, 
its properties, and its processes, and to exploit 
this comprehension in the public interest, in en- 
hancement of our security, our culture, our inter- 
national posture, and our economic growth in- 
volves: 
Strengthening Basic Science 
Improving National Defense 
Managing Resources in the World Ocean 
Managing Resources in Domestic Waters 
Protecting Life and Property; Insuring the 
Safety of Operations at Sea 
These are the national goals toward which the 
federally supported oceanographic program is 
directed. They are more easily separated in con- 
cept than in practice. Each leans on one or more 
of the others for its own fulfillment and work 
done with the intent of furthering one may in the 
end more materially benefit another. Neverthe- 
less, they are useful concepts, and particularly so 
when a framework is needed for organizing a 
plan such as this, a framework in which emphasis 
and balance can be more clearly seen. 
The budget required for oceanographic pro- 
grams, ships, instruments, and facilities to meet 
the aggregate national goals, taking into account 
availability of skilled manpower, should grow an 
average of 10 percent to 11 percent a year froma 
level of $124 million in FY 1963 to $350 million 
in FY 1972, for a total of about $2.3 billion over 
the decade. Over 44 percent of the federal budget 
will go to private laboratories as compared to 37 
percent in 1963. The total ten year budget is allo- 
cated among the various goals as follows (Further 
delineation is provided by Table 1): 
1. About 57 percent will support basic research 
and serve to strengthen basic science; 33 of this 
57 percent will contribute simultaneously to scien- 
tific development for other national goals as shown 
below. In 1963 this figure was nearer 43 percent. 
2. About 35 percent will support defense as 
compared to 44 percent in 1963. Some 20 percent 
supports Navy basic research already included in 
(1) above and 15 percent supports applied pro- 
grams. 
