NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
AEC, HEW, Treasury, Smithsonian Institution). It 
is also possible, of course, to classify the program 
in yet a fourth way—by major scientific discipline 
involved. 
It is probably apparent to the reader that, where- 
as the effort when sliced according to any of these 
four systems will always total 100 percent, there is 
considerable difficulty in developing a detailed 
compatibility along all four coordinated systems 
that is internally consistent. In the annual pro- 
gram, this is only accomplished by functional area 
and by agency. An effort is made in this Long- 
Range Plan, however, to relate these two break- 
downs also to the breakdown by goals. 
In so doing, the reader is reminded that ocea- 
nographic effort associated with any goal includes 
the totality of research time, ship construction and 
Operating costs, instrumentation, etc., that in the 
aggregate must be allocated to achievement of that 
particular goal. 
Finally, what has been categorized as a goal of 
“strengthening basic science” should not be mis- 
interpreted as equivalent to the conduct of “re- 
search” in the functional breakdown. The science 
goal sector includes an appropriate fraction of ship 
construction and operating costs, instrumentation, 
etc.,,but no applied research. The functional re- 
search category, on the other hand, includes both 
basic and applied research, and ship operating 
costs associated therewith, but does not include 
ship construction costs, facilities or major instru- 
mentations that are catalogued separately. 
A. Strengthening Basic Science 
(56 percent 1963-72 Effort) 
If the present plans are carried out, the goal of 
strengthening oceanograph; as a science will re- 
ceive a greatly increased fraction of federal sup- 
port during the next ten years. Not only does the 
National Science Foundation intend to expand its 
present program almost fourfold during the 
decade, but the Office of Naval Research will 
approximately double its basic research support; 
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries intends to 
expand its support materially in areas related to 
marine biology. The Smithsonian plans to spend 
about $25 million in basic science over the dec- 
ade, and other agencies such as the Coast and Geo- 
detic Survey and the Geological Survey will also 
contribute. Altogether, approximately $1.35 bil- 
26 
459 
lion is planned to be spent during the next ten 
years, an expansion of more than threefold by 
FY 1972. 
Figure 2 shows how this support is divided 
among the agencies. Three-quarters is administer- 
ed almost equally by the Navy and the National 
Science Foundation, with the Bureau of Commer- 
cial Fisheries contributing another 15 percent. 
The remaining 11 percent is shared by the AEC, 
the Public Health Service, the Geological Survey, 
the Smithsonian, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, 
and the Weather Bureau. 
It should be pointed out that Project Mohole is 
not being included in the oceanographic budget, 
although many of its results will be as applicable to 
geological oceanography and to oceanographic en- 
gineering as to geology as a whole. It is expected 
that other geological drillings into ocean sedi- 
ments will be undertaken in water of moderate 
depth. None of these programs are currently in- 
cluded in this oceanography inventory, but future 
planning may suggest their addition rather than 
their classification of “earth sciences.” While all 
aspects of oceanographic science will be supported, 
physical and biological oceanography will receive 
the major share. 
Special international programs are included in 
this category of goals. The International Indian 
Ocean Expedition, a 32-nation, 40-ship effort be- 
gun in 1961 and expected to last until 1966 to 
which the U.S. is contributing 11 ships and about 
$24 million, and the International Cooperative 
Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic are exam- 
ples. Basic research will be conducted principally 
in 35 private laboratories. 
A considerable number of small laboratories and 
university departments also conduct basic ocea- 
nographic research, and many of these, such as 
the one at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- 
ogy, are growing and new ones are expected to 
come into being. There were, in addition, approxi- 
mately 12 large government laboratories and more 
than 20 small ones in 1963. Overall, the growth in 
the next decade is expected to be primarily in the 
number of large laboratories employing 30 or 
more scientists. 
Private laboratories now operate a fleet of over 
15 seagoing research ships and about 20 will be 
added to it by NSF and Navy funds in the next dec- 
ade. The bathyscaph, TRIESTE, presently the only 
operational deep research vehicle, is operated by 
