460 
the Navy. However, the Navy is sponsoring devel- 
opment of the ALVIN, a two-man submersible, 
capable of diving to 6000 feet, to be operated by 
the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The 
ALUMINAUT, a three-man submersible, capable 
of 80-mile cruises at 15,000 to 18,000-foot depths 
developed and constructed with private funds, is 
being considered by the Navy for use in its re- 
search programs. 
B. Defense (36 percent 1963-1972 Effort; 
20 percent Basic, 16 percent Applied) 
The oceanographic program of the Navy within 
the Plan in support of the national defense goal 
will total some $835 million over the ten-year 
period. 
1. RESEARCH 
Included in this effort are the basic and applied 
research programs supported by ONR, BuShips, 
and BuWeps. These programs not only serve to 
advance the frontiers of oceanographic knowl- 
edge, but also serve to advance concepts in weap- 
ons development, detection devices, and naval 
armament systems in general by the consideration 
of favorable and limiting effects of environment. 
These research programs have applications to pro- 
and anti-submarine warfare, surface strike war- 
fare, amphibious operations, Arctic operations, 
mine warfare, and in the general area of logistics 
support, including maintenance of hulls and sub- 
merged installations and transportation of men 
and material. A few highlighted research areas 
follow: 
(a) USW Research 
As has been stated previously, the Navy’s pri- 
mary concern in oceanography relates to undersea 
warfare. At least six Navy laboratories currently 
participate in an intensive campaign of oceano- 
graphic research that includes investigations of the 
shape and nature of the sea floor, description of 
the activity and constituency of the sea itself, and 
the quantification of the interactions between the 
ocean and atmosphere related to underwater 
acoustics and the parameters of temperature, 
salinity, sea surface phenomena, etc. 
27 
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
(b) Other Physical Properties 
Many other physical properties and phenomena, 
such as surface and internal waves, tides, currents 
and turbulence, infrared and electromagnetic 
properties, radioactivity, optical properties, and 
many individual bottom properties, have technical 
and design implications. Practically every bureau 
laboratory active in Navy oceanography partici- 
pates in one or another aspect of this program 
which is coordinated by the Office of Naval 
Research. 
(c) Marine Biology 
Marine creatures interfere with underwater 
acoustic systems, influence mines and mine coun- 
termeasures, damage structures, luminesce, are 
poisonous, venomous or toxic, and provide clues 
about the presence of underwater targets. Again 
the Office of Naval Research coordinates this re- 
search program which includes participation of 
five Navy laboratories. 
2. SHIPS 
The second major category of Navy funding con- 
cerns construction of oceanographic ships. It is 
divided nearly evenly between the direct support 
of Navy projects and the support of interagency. 
or privately initiated projects from which the Navy 
is expected to benefit in common with other par- 
ticipants. The quarter-billion dollars projected for 
ship construction is tentatively allocated as shown 
in Table 3. 
3. MILITARY SURVEYS 
The Naval Oceanographic Office carries out a 
program of military surveys. In contrast to the na- 
tional Ocean Survey Program (described in the 
next chapter) which has as its objective a general 
strengthening of knowledge of the oceans, the 
military survey program is focused specifically on 
the Navy’s operational requirements. These sur- 
veys are designed either as mapping and charting 
expeditions for strategic areas or to provide en- 
vironmental information requisite to design instal- 
lation and operation of anti-submarine warfare 
systems. A fleet of eight ships and a current annual 
budget of about $11 million supports this program. 
During the coming decade 13 ships (of which 
seven will replace existing hulls) will be added. 
