462 
Program as categorized by the ICO. Some addi- 
tional $480 million is devoted to applied research 
and development of a more direct military char- 
acter. 
The research to be accomplished by the more 
immediately defense-oriented portion of this plan 
is in four major subject areas including acoustics, 
magnetics and gravity, Arctic operations, and en- 
vironmental forecasting. 
(a) Acoustics Research 
The Bureau of Ships coordinates the acoustics 
program, which is directed toward understanding, 
predicting, and exploiting acoustic propagation 
phenomena. This is concentrated in nine Navy 
laboratories supplemented by ONR-supported 
work in eight private and university laboratories. 
Many industrial organizations under contract to 
the Navy for sonar, torpedo, and other ASW/USW 
equipment also do work in oceanographic acous- 
tics in connection with their development pro- 
grams. 
(b) Magnetics and Gravity Research 
Programs to examine and exploit geomagnetic 
and gravimetric phenomena are coordinated by 
the Bureau of Naval Weapons. Four naval labora- 
tories and four private oceanographic laboratories 
participate in this program related to submarine 
navigation, missile guidance and ballistics, sub- 
Marine detection, and mine countermeasures 
operations. 
(c) Arctic Research 
Operations in the Arctic now require knowledge 
of under-ice as well as ice-edge phenomena. The 
Office of Naval Research coordinates work done 
principally in four Navy laboratories and the Arc- 
tic Research Laboratory of the University of Alaska 
on the Arctic oceanic environment. 
(d) Environmental Forecasting 
The oceanographic forecasting program, though 
planned to absorb only one percent of the Navy’s 
oceanographic budget during the next decade, de- 
serves special mention. This figure includes only 
the research and development aspects of programs, 
most of whose cost is to be borne by fleet operating 
29 
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
and maintenance budgets. They are intended to 
improve the capability to forecast the ASW en- 
vironment, as well as to predict the consequences 
of harbor flushing and disposal of nuclear prod- 
ucts, etc. 
Many of these forecasting programs will emerge 
from the research or experimental stage and enter 
the operational stage in the coming decade. The 
ASWEPS, for example, is expected to become op- 
erational in 1965. When it does, it will be funded 
by the Navy under its fleet operations budget and 
will not appear within the TENOC projection. 
C. World Ocean Resources (19 Percent of 
the 1963-1972 Effort; 
11 Percent Basic, 8 Percent Applied) 
The two agencies primarily concerned with this 
goal of developing while conserving ocean re- 
sources are the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 
and the Atomic Energy Commission, although the 
Bureau of Mines has a responsibility to study oil 
pollution at sea. 
1. FISH RESOURCES 
The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries intends 
considerable expansion in its basic research pro- 
gram during the coming decade. By 1972 about 65 
percent of its total research should be basic re- 
search as compared with only about 30 percent 
today. 
As might be expected, the distribution and na- 
ture of the various fundamental oceanographic 
variables and properties which define, often within 
rather narrow limits, the habitat of various fish will 
receive considerable attention. So will studies of 
marine communities with their patterns of domi- 
nant species, of food webs which interconnect the 
inhabitants of these communities, and of rates of 
energy and food transfer throughout these webs. 
Ecological balances must be thoroughly under- 
stood before the consequences of man’s intrusion 
on them can be predicted. 
Studies of particular species already or poten- 
tially useful to man will be continued, and a major 
program of technological and engineering re- 
search will be undertaken to improve present 
methods of locating, catching, preserving, and pre- 
paring fish for the table. In this connection a pro- 
gram of economic, legal, and social studies will be 
undertaken as basic to the management and mar- 
