538 
prepared by the Interagency Committee on Oce- 
anography of the Federal Council of Science and 
Technology (with the addition of information 
from the U. S. Weather Bureau) summarizes 
planned Federal support of the U. S. participa- 
tion in the ILOE through Fiscal Year 1963: 
THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS 
Fiscal Year 1961 1962 1963 
USN 760 580 1,300 
NSF 3 - 1,500 4,000 
Bur. Com. Fish. - - 70 
Weather Bureau - - 792 
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM 
BY DISCIPLINES 
The United States program for the IIOE, in 
accordance with the original stated aims of the 
expedition, is devoted to the scientific examina- 
tion of four great areas of interest in the Indian 
Ocean. The first of these concerns itself with 
the problems of why there is an ocean basin in 
the first place; what are the forces that have 
shaped and are continuing to shape the basin; 
what are the resemblances between this piece 
of the earth's crust and any other; and how is 
the basin of the Indian Ocean dissimilar from 
other ocean basins? The technicues used in 
attempting to answer these questions are pri- 
marily geophysical and geological, and they have 
been or will be employed on expeditions sent out 
by Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Lamont 
Geological Observatory, Stanford University, 
and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 
The second broad area of investigation in- 
volves the chemical and physical description of 
the waters of the Indian Ocean, and the study of 
their motions. The techniques used involve 
sampling of the waters in predetermined pat- 
terns, with respect both to horizontal distribu- 
tion and to vertical spacing of the samples; 
concurrent precise measurements of water 
temperature; subsequent chemical and isotopic 
analyses of the water samples; and determina- 
tion of current flow at various depths by all 
possible means. All United States ships partic- 
ipating in the IIOE will be equipped for such 
water sampling, and the direct measurement of 
current flow is the particular object of a Uni- 
versity of Rhode Island expedition embarked in 
the Scripps Institution vessel ARGO (Knauss, 
1961). 
40 
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
The third major field of interest is the liv- 
ing populations, plant and animal, of the Indian 
Ocean. All United States ships will be equipped 
to sample plankton and to observe surface bio- 
logical phenomena, and some will measure pri- 
mary productivity. The research vessel ANTON 
BRUUN will have biological oceanography as her 
primary mission, and the Stanford University 
vessel TE VEGA will concentrate on biological 
and physiological studies of island groups and 
other shallow water areas. 
The fourth main area of research is con- 
cerned with the interaction between the ocean 
and the atmosphere. Several of the U. S. re- 
search vessels that will work in the Indian 
Ocean will be equipped to make upper-air me- 
teorological observations, but the United States 
will have the greater part of its meteorological 
effort based ashore. Observations from mete- 
orological aircraft of the U. S. Weather Bureau 
and of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 
working in connection with the International 
Meteorological Center that has been established 
with the assistance of the Government of India 
and the United Nations Special Fund; from me- 
teorological satellites; and from meteorological 
buoys (to be planted in the Bay of Bengal and 
Arabian Sea with the help of the Indian Navy), 
will be utilized in the program (Ramage, 1962). 
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS 
OF INSTITUTIONS 
As indicated in the preceding paragraphs, 
research programs of all United States vessels 
participating in the IIOE will contribute to at 
least two of the four fundamental areas of inter- 
est; many will contribute to three; and some to 
all four. For this reason, it is more practical 
to describe the programs in detail by setting 
forth the past, present, and planned cruises of 
each institution. 
SCRIPPS INSTITUTION 
OF OCEANOGRAPHY 
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography of 
the University of California at San Diego plans 
to undertake three major cruises to the Indian 
Ocean under the overall direction of Dr. Rob- 
ert L. Fisher. The first of these, called MON- 
SOON, was carried out by the research vessel 
ARGO according to the following itinerary: 
