NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
Table 6 
Expenditures for conduct of Basic Research 
(in millions of dollars) + 
FY 1963 FY 1964 FY 1965 
All agencies 1,350 1,657 1,809 
NASA (including 
booster costs) 525 727 790 
All Agencies 
except NASA 825 930 1,019 
1 Source; The Budget FY 1965, Special analysis H; Page 409. 
On the more applied side of the program, the 
Navy is funding programs in ASW and in ship 
hydrodyn- mics. In response to the THRESHER 
disaster and a subsequent special study of deep 
submergence vehicles, the Navy is expected to ex- 
pand its capabilities for search, rescue, and sal- 
vage.* These separate new programs should con- 
tribute engineering knowledge concerning ships, 
structures, vehicles, and equipment to operate in 
and under the sea, results that should provide 
better tools for basic research, and also lay ground- 
581 
work for engineering application of oceanographic 
research. Basic research and civilian engineering 
stands to gain greatly from a program of Navy 
development, and special steps are being taken to 
assure a rapid flow of new engineering information. 
Accelerated physiological studies on manned 
free diving under Navy sponsorship, should lay a 
durable base for a more concerted attack on the sea. 
Coordination is also being effected with other 
government-wide programs, developed under the 
Federal Council, such as for air-sea interface re- 
search of mutual interest to the Interdepartment 
Committee for Atmospheric Sciences and the In- 
teragency Committee on Oceanography. 
Finally, in the areas of manpower, education, 
and training, numerous programs funded by NSF, 
National Institutes of Health, and the Office of 
Education provide fellowships, matching funds 
for research facilities, etc., that may concurrently 
serve needs in oceanography, although not so de- 
lineated. Such support was recently expanded for 
graduate education in engineering, through a new 
training grant program in NSF. 
VI. PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 
A. Planning and Coordination 
The national goals expressed in the Long Range 
Plan and restated in Section II are reflected in 
existing statutory requirements of some 20 Federal 
Agencies. Yet, the program as a whole is not the 
specified responsibility of any single one. When 
stimulation of this field was deemed necessary, it 
Was necessary to choose between strengthening ex- 
isting programs, or excising jurisdiction for ocean- 
ography from the many agencies now involved 
and recombining these interests in a new Federal 
Oceanographic Agency. Because of the relevance 
of research in the oceans to broader missions: to 
defense, to the protection of public health, to im- 
prove weather forecasting, etc., the first alternative 
was chosen. Coordination thus became essential 
to the healthy growth of this program, to minimize 
both unwitting duplication and to minimize gaps. 
The role of the Federal Council for Science and 
Technology, and of its Interagency Committee on 
Oceanography in coordination and in program and 
budget planning has already been described. 
In addition to these continuing responsibilities, 
* Report of Deep Submergence Systems Review Group, 
March, 1964 
the ICO has taken the initiative in the following 
matters. Oceanographic data collected by separate 
agencies are now centrally standardized, depos- 
ited, and made available for distribution. Ships 
schedules of all agencies and laboratories are 
published in advance to permit the efficient shar- 
ing and utilization of facilities by others. Gov- 
ernment-wide manpower requirements are co- 
ordinated. To foster interest on the part of young 
students, a report cataloguing oceanography cur- 
ricula of all U.S. universities has been published. 
A special study has been undertaken to determine 
the demand, the sources of supply and the mobil- 
ity of oceanographic manpower, as a guide to 
the investment of future training funds and as 
a model for understanding manpower dynamics 
generally. Under ICO direction, with Coast and 
Geodetic Survey acting as a delegated agent, an 
operations analysis is being conducted to optimize 
planning for effective, economical surveys using 
modern techniques of data gathering, and to meet 
a variety of needs for data. Finally, in concert 
with the State Department, the ICO develops 
plans and U.S. position for international coopera- 
