NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
in process with upcoming centers in Australia, New 
Zealand, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The 
transfer of World Data Center A, Oceanography 
(WDCA), a repository for IGY results, to space in 
the data center has simplified these exchanges. In- 
ternational agreements have been made to facilitate 
exchanges between WDCA and its counterpart 
WDC-B, in Moscow. NODC also cooperates with 
the International Council] for Exploration of the Sea 
(embracing 16 European nations) and 30 other 
583 
foreign oceanographic organizations. NODC is proc- 
essing the data from the International Indian 
Ocean Expedition and the International Coopera- 
tive Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic. 
NODC is promoting and using modern tech- 
niques of data handling and retrieval. Under pres- 
ent development are systems for sorting and re- 
trieving biological and geological-geophysical data, 
better data interpolation techniques, and field 
quality control methods. 
VII. OUR PRESENT POSTURE IN OCEANOGRAPHY 
A great deal of progress has been made, and the 
FY 1965 budget proposals within overall budget 
guidelines are minimum to sustain the program. If 
the President's FY 1965 proposals are accepted, then 
during the past five years the Federal Government 
will have invested $134 million in new ships ex- 
pressly for oceanography. For the first time in this 
Nation’s history, we have the beginnings of a fleet 
of efficient floating laboratories and are starting to 
replace the present inadequate facilities. With the 
addition of ships newly completed or funded, ton- 
nage of ships for oceanographic and fisheries re- 
search will have increased more than 50%. Also, 
during the past five years, the Federal Government 
will have invested $39 million in new shore facili- 
ties. Most important, the annual support for con- 
duct of research and associated instrumentation 
will have grown from approximately $27 million in 
FY 1960 to $83 million in FY 1965. 
The number of scientists and engineers will have 
increased from 1600 estimated in 1960 to 3000 esti- 
mated in 1964 and industry has responded by 
developing its staff, facilities, and planning capa- 
bilities focused on research and development. 
This current year is one of overall modest budget 
growth. It should also be one of careful analysis 
—by members of the scientific community engaged 
in research; by the Executive Branch charged with 
utilizing fruits of that research for accomplishment 
of assigned missions; by industry which contributes 
new engineering tools for the conduct of research 
and which serves as entrepreneur to transfer sci- 
entific discoveries to practical benefit; and by the 
public and its legislative representatives who give 
expression to the collective concerns through deci- 
sions on policy and appropriations. 
Such analysis should be aimed at identifying 
those scientific areas that have ripened to a point 
where a more concerted attack would be produc- 
tive, and those practical policy, security, economic 
or social needs which can be met only by selective 
emphasis on special areas. 
VIII. PROBLEMS AND EMERGING ISSUES 
Questions which the Executive Branch will be 
examining this year include: 
1) Manpower—Is our supply of high talent 
growing rapidly enough to meet the needs and op- 
portunities in this field? If not, what collective 
steps by universities and Government are necessary 
to accelerate education and training? 
2) Private Investments—Are results of research 
being enunciated effectively to the private sector 
of our economy, so that as users of research results 
they may assess opportunities for investment in 
underwater engineering applied to fishing, mining, 
recreational developments? Are these opportunities 
of such value to the Nation to meet economic and 
social needs that additional incentives are needed? 
10 
3) Participation by industry—How may the en- 
gineering competence of American industry be 
more effectively blended with American science, 
for a concerted exploration on the sea frontier? 
4) Policy-making—How may fruits of research 
be wisely introduced into Federal, State and Inter- 
national legislative and regulatory processes, so that 
policy and administrative rules may be responsive 
to new facts about the sea; and how may policy 
makers become partners in formulating questions 
about the sea requiring research? 
In short how may the U.S. program be further 
advanced, developed and coordinated to satisfy the 
long range goals: to comprehend the sea, to explore 
it, and to exploit these resources? 
