NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
minerals will be continued with the cooperation of 
universities and institutes. 
Mining methods, cost research, and metallurgi- 
cal work on manganese, phosphorite, and other 
commercially valuable sea minerals will be con- 
tinued. 
* * * 
National Science Foundation: $7,100,000 
Geological, geochemical, and geophysical oceano- 
graphic investigations are supported at many uni- 
versities and research institutes including: Miami, 
California, Delaware, Illinois, Washington, Michi- 
gan, Southern California, Georgia, Florida State, 
Columbia, Lehigh, California Institute of Tech- 
nology, Oregon State University, Massachusetts In- 
stitute of Technology, Woods Hole Oceanographic 
Institution, Yale, and Rice. : 
The FY 1965 program will highlight continued 
expansion of effort in bathymetric investigations; 
age determination of marine sedimentary deposits; 
paleotemperature studies; sediment distribution 
studies and drilling operations; organic and inor- 
ganic geochemistry; sediment transport mechan- 
isms; and seismic, gravity, and geothermal inves- 
tigations. 
* * * 
5. MODIFICATION OF THE SEA: $8,862,000 
Undesirable and dangerous effects of pollution 
of coastal and estuarine waters on food resources 
and on recreational areas are already well known 
and are likely to imcrease unless checked by wise 
planning. The potential danger of release of radio- 
active material in the ocean also needs thorough 
and continuing study. In each of these cases re- 
search of various kinds is essential. 
The ocean also can be deliberately modified in 
local areas in order to achieve certain desirable 
results: beach erosion can be controlled, surface 
waves minimized, evaporation reduced, etc. At 
present, achievements of this sort are minimal; but 
research directed toward increased useful modifica- 
tion of the sea is needed. 
* * * 
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 
UNITED STATES NAVY 
Office of Naval Research: $400,000 
In 1965, Chesapeake Bay Institute will continue 
their investigations of dispersion using the recently 
developed rhodamine-B dye-tracer techniques. 
26 
597 
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and 
Scripps Institution of Oceanography will study 
organisms concentrating certain radioactive isotopes 
to determine the rate of radioactivity introduced in 
the oceans by fallout from nuclear weapons tests. 
The program of measuring carbon dioxide con- 
centrations and the carbon-14 ratios in the oceans 
and atmosphere will be continued at University of 
Rhode Island and Scripps Institution of Ocean- 
ography to determine whether man’s activities are 
resulting in an increase of climatic temperatures. 
% * * 
Naval Oceanographic Office: $19,000 
Investigation of natural background isotopic 
radiation, which has been recently initiated, will be 
continued and extended. 
* * * 
UNITED STATES ARMY 
Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research 
Center: $333,000 
Studies of tidal changes resulting from man-made 
works in the tidewater areas will be investigated 
both in the laboratory and in the field, leading to 
a better understanding of flushing characteristic 
of bays and estuaries. Quantitative studies to re- 
late-tidal flow to man-made changes in inlets will 
be initiated. 
* * * 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: $865,000 
The Bureau will continue investigating the ac- 
cumulation of radioactivity by marine species and 
its transmission to man. Research will also be 
directed toward understanding the effects of pesti- 
cides on commercial fish. Estuarine studies con- 
ducted to determine the effect upon commercial 
fish of proposed engineering changes in coastlines, 
waterways, marshes, and bays will continue. 
Investigations will be undertaken in FY 1965 on 
marine and brackish-water pollution. Research 
on rapidly changing coastal and estuarine envi- 
ronments will be expanded to determine the ex- 
tent to which engineering and industrial develop- 
ments are altering the natural biological, physical, 
and chemical regimes and, consequently, the pro- 
ductivity of these areas. 
In cooperation with the Atomic Energy Com- 
mission, research on the biological effects of radio- 
active materials will be continued and expanded, 
with more attention paid to the use of radioactive 
