NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
mainder coming from Japan, U.K., Australia. 
U.S.S.R., Germany, France, and India. 
An interesting highlight of the IIOE has been the 
establishment of two data centers: the International 
Meteorological Center, Bombay, India; and, the 
Indian Ocean Biological Center, Ceylon, India. 
Both centers may become permanent establish- 
ments after the completion of the IIOE. 
2. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE 
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TROPICAL 
ATLANTIC (ICITA) 
The objective of the ICITA is the detailed in- 
vestigation of the marine environment in the 
Tropical Atlantic, for purposes of efficient exploit- 
ation of its fisheries resources. This program was 
conceived and planned in 1961 and 1962. Other 
participating nations include the Soviet Union, 
Brazil, Argentina, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Republic 
of Congo (Brazzaville) , Spain, Japan, and Poland. 
Field operations commenced February 15, 1963, 
as Equalant I and continued through March 18, 
1963. Equalant II took place August 1 to August 
15, 1963. These phases have been successfully com- 
pleted. 
Thirteen and 11 vessels participated in Equalant 
I, and Equalant IT, respectively. Many foreign and 
American scientists and students participated in the 
program, with the U.S.A. and U.S.S.R., each con- 
tributing from 14 to 14 of the total support of the 
program. Significant information on the fluctua- 
tion and physical-chemical properties of the equa- 
torial undercurrent were obtained. In addition, 
effective data exchange arrangements, communica- 
tions, and standardization techniques were estab- 
lished. Based on the results of the achievements of 
the first two phases, the IOC Bureau in October 
1963 approved a further extension of the program. 
Equalant III will be a more loosely coordinated 
program with scientists free to explore leads de- 
veloped during Equalant’s I and II, but, as in the 
other phases, will include a quasi-synoptic program. 
It will be conducted in the spring of 1964, and it 
is expected that several additional countries will 
Participate. Data from Equalant I are scheduled 
for publication in early 1964. Equalant IJ data were 
being processed at the end of 1963. The $3 Million 
costs (to date) to U.S. agencies, are split among 
the research categories wherein the work has been 
reported. 
The ICITA program has been closely coordinated 
with the Guinean Trawling Survey which is ex- 
ploring the near shore fishery resources of the Gulf 
32 
603 
of Guinea. The Survey is primarily supported by 
the U.S. Agency for International Development 
(AID) . 
3. U.S-JAPAN INVESTIGATIONS 
OF THE PACIFIC 
The National Science Foundation is coordinating 
the U.S. participation in the U.S.-Japan Coopera- 
tive Science Programs. The overall aim of the pro- 
gram is the fostering of close working relations be- 
tween the two governments and the pooling of their 
resources toward solution of common scientific 
problems. Work in two areas has been initiated in 
the Pacific: “Earth Sciences of the Pacific’ and 
“Geography and Ecology of Plants and Organisms’; 
and this work involves four on-going oceanographic 
projects. It is probable that this number will be in- 
creased somewhat in FY 1965. 
4. U.S.-LATIN AMERICAN PROGRAMS 
As a result of the National Academy of Sciences’ 
Inter-American Conference on the Marine Sciences, 
several small programs in oceanography will be 
undertaken between the United States and various 
South American nations. The first to be initiated 
will be a cooperative effort between Panama, Co- 
lombia, Equador, Peru, and the United States to 
investigate the “El Nino” phenomenon. Other pro- 
grams, notable in the exchange of teaching and 
research personnel, are being considered. 
Numerous smaller international programs will be 
undertaken cooperatively between the United States 
and other nations—principally the Latin American 
countries. In general, these will be informal pro- 
grams arranged between the scientists of individual 
institutions. An example of these are the joint in- 
vestigations in the South Atlantic by the Lamont 
Geological Observatory and the Argentine Navy Hy- 
drographic Office. This cooperative effort has been 
continuing in an effective manner for nearly a 
decade. 
5. COOPERATIVE STUDY OF THE 
KUROSHIO 
A multi-nation investigation of the Kuroshio 
current has been proposed for commencement in 
FY 1965. The objectives are the: 
a. detailed description of the Kuroshio current 
proper and the water masses of the surrounding 
regions; 
b. examination of the living populations of the 
region; 
