608 
1962 the number of undergraduate and graduate 
degrees granted in oceanography failed to increase 
significantly. At the same time, graduate enroll- 
ment did increase steadily and significantly, so that 
it is reasonable to expect a marked increase in 
graduate degrees within the next few years. 
University enrollment and degree statistics rep- 
resent only in part the sources of oceanographers. 
According to the National Register, scientists re- 
porting first specialties in oceanography hold their 
highest degrees in that subject. Other fields from 
which oceanographers come in significant numbers 
are: 
Biology: 21%; Geology: 20%; Engineering: 14%; 
Physics: 7%. 
ADVANCED DEGREE ENROLLMENTS AND 
DEGREES GRANTED* IN OCEANOGRAPHY 
BY U.S. UNIVERSITIES 
1959-1962 
Academic Years 
1959 1960 1961 1962 
Advanced degree enrollments n.a. 111 159 191 
Full-time na. 92 105 126 
Part-time mas IS) BOD 
Degrees Hp Bil BD BO 
Bachelors 2 6 6 2 
Masters 15 Oy Mes Zz 
Doctorates 10 6 Be 2 
These fields provide a large and diversified pool 
from which oceanographers will continue to be re- 
cruited. However, competition from the parent 
fields and from other developing science programs 
is severe, so that it is doubtful that manpower ade- 
quate for the expanded program of the Ten Year 
Plan can be recruited without special efforts. 
The Need for Engineers and Technicians 
Attainment of the goals of the Long Range Plan 
and profitable exploitation of the sea requires that 
the field of ocean engineering be expanded and 
strengthened. Instruments must be designed and 
built to withstand the adverse environment of the 
* Source: Office of Education—From Office of Education 
earned degree study, which defines oceanography as a physical 
science. Degrees in closely related fields of marine biology, 
geology, geochemistry, etc., not included. 
38 
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 
sea, new types of structures and vehicles must be 
built, and man must learn to work effectively with- 
in the sea. Capable engineers and technicians who 
have first-hand acquaintance with the sea and its 
special difficulties are scarce, and this lack of ayail- 
able manpower inhibits industry from entering a 
field in which it should play a large role. It be- 
comes the responsibility of the federal government, 
therefore, to encourage industry to turn its atten- 
tion to ocean engineering and to stimulate and sup- 
port the training of technicians for the wide vari- 
ety of skilled tasks which are needed. 
Agency Support of Education and Training 
Fellowships are available to qualified graduate 
students of oceanography in competition with other 
fields through the broad programs of the National 
Science Foundation, the Public Health Service, and 
the Office of Education (National Defense Educa- 
tion Act). The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 
supports fellowships in oceanography through 
grants for this purpose to selected universities. 
Roughly one-third of the graduate student popu- 
lation in oceanography is supported by fellowships- 
and the total federal expenditure for this purpose 
is estimated for FY 1965 as $0.4 million or 25% 
of the total manpower funds in oceanography. 
Research grants and contracts provide financial 
support for about half the graduate students. These 
students normally devote 20 hours per week to re- 
search under the supervision of a faculty member; 
this not only provides them with an income, but 
in most cases the research experience which they 
gain is a most important part of their training. The 
National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Re- 
search, Navy Oceanographic Office, Bureau of 
Ships, Bureau of Naval Weapons, Atomic Energy 
Commission, Public Health Service, and the Smith- 
sonian provide contract and grant support of this 
sort. Stipends paid to graduate students for re- 
search is included under the appropriate research 
budget. 
Substantial employee training programs in 
oceanography are conducted by the Navy (Naval 
Academy and Post-graduate School), Coast and 
Geodetic Survey, and the Coast Guard. Other agen- 
cies provide limited support for employee training. 
An estimated $1.2 million or 75%, of the total 
manpower funds will be allocated to all employee 
training programs in FY 1965. 
