into a Working Group established in 1972 to study the dynamics of 

 shoreline erosion. 



Entry 102 below describes an IGU Association of interest to marine 

 scientists. 



102. INTERNATIONAL CARTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION: ICA 



A member of IGU, ICA was founded in 1959 to advance the study 

 of cartographic programs, institute research, promote training, and 

 serve as a forum for nationals to exchange ideas and documents. In 

 recent years it has become interested in the mapping of the ocean 

 floors and has established a Working Group on Ocean Cartography. It 

 has sponsored several conferences on this topic and is developing a 

 bibliography on oceanic cartography. 



103. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES: lUBS 



Founded in 1919, lUBS promotes the development of the different 

 branches of pure and applied biology, including marine biology. It 

 provides an advisory committee to assist in the operation of the 

 Naples Zoological Station in Italy, an internationally known marine 

 laboratory. 



Member associations with interests in marine sciences are described 

 in entries 104 through 107. 



104. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ECOLOGY: lAE 



Founded in 1967, lAE assumed the work of the former lUBS Commis- 

 sion on Applied Ecology — the promotion of the science and practice 

 of ecology. 



105. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: 

 lABO 



Founded in 1966 to promote the advancement of knowledge of the 

 biology of the seas, lABO also serves to provide or improve contacts 

 between biological oceanographers. It participates in numerous coop- 

 erative programs such as the Joint Oceanographic Assembly (JOA) or 

 the International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS). In 1975 it estab- 

 lished a permanent Coral Reef Committee. 



106. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES: 

 lAMS 



Established in 1930. 



107. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED 

 LIMNOLOGY: lAL 



Founded in 1922 as the International Association of Limnology, 

 lAL continues to use its old initialism to identify the present 

 organization. 



108. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS: lUGG 



The largest of the ICSU unions and the most important to marine 

 scientists, lUGG was created in 1919 by uniting six previously auton- 

 omous associations — Geodesy, Geomagnetism, Seismology, Meteorology, 

 Physical Oceanography, and Volcanology — antecedents of some of which 

 began as early as 1862. In 1922, the addition of Hydrology made a 

 total of seven. Descriptions follow in entries 109 through 116. 



109. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY: lAG 



Founded in 1962, lAG includes among its commissions the Inter- 

 national Gravity Commission (IGC), whose purpose is to promote 

 scientific investigations of the gravity field of the Earth. IGC is 



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