II. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS, PROJECTS, AND EXPEDITIONS 



Cooperative studies of the o<ieans by two or more nations have 

 existed for many years. However, the International Indian Ocean 

 Expedition in 1961-63 is donsidered the first of the really large- 

 scale cooperative programs. 



Many programs or projects are lost in memory. The new entries 

 include descriptions of those projects located in the literature 

 reviewed for this publication. Most have acronyms or abbrevia- 

 tions; some do not. 



246. ADRIATIC SEA EXPANDED REGIONAL OCEANOLOGICAL STUDIES: AS-EROS 

 To study pollution in the Adriatic Sea, AS-EROS is sponsored 



by ICSEM with Italy and Yugoslavia cooperating. 



247. ALBATROSS 



This joint United States-Soviet Union cooperative survey con- 

 cerned plankton in the Gulf of Mexico and hydrography and fisheries 

 of offshore waters of the North Atlantic between Capes Cod and 

 Hatteras. Conducted in 1967 by the United States Bureau of Commer- 

 cial Fisheries R/V ALBATROSS IV and the Soviet Ship R/V ALBATROSS 

 under the auspices of ICNAF, the project was designed also to compare 

 the data gathering and research techniques of both nations. 



248. AMAZON EXPEDITION 



A 1976 survey of the physical and biological phenomena of the 

 Amazon River. Scientists from 13 countries participated. 



249. ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROGRAM: ARP 



This program of scientifi<i and engineering studies of Antarc- 

 tica and surrounding oceans is coordinated by SCAR with participa- 

 tion by IGU, lUBS, lUGS, lUPAC, lUPS, lURS , and WMO. The program is 

 of indefinite duration. 



250. ARCTIC ICE DYNAMICS JOINT EXPERIMENT: AIDJEX 



This <iooperative study of ice deformation was begun in 1970 and 

 terminated in 1976. It was supported internationally by AINA and ICSI. 

 National participants were Canada, Japan, and United States. The Uni- 

 versity of Washington was the program coordinator in the United States, 



251. ATLANTIC TRADEWIND EXPERIMENT: ATEX 



In 1969 the Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, and 

 United States conducted this cooperative experiment to investigate 

 air-sea interaction in the root region of the northeast tradewind 

 zone of the Atlantic. 



252. AUSTRALIA-NEW ZEALAND-UNITED STATES EDDY PROJECT: ANZUS 

 Conducted in 1975, ANZUS investigated the physical oceanography 



and underwater sound characteristics of eddies in the East Australian 

 Current (EAC). 



253. BAFFIN BAY NORTH-WATER PROJECT: BBNWP 



Originated in 1966, the BBNWP, an ongoing project sponsored by 

 the Arctic Institute of North America (AINA) and the International 

 Commission of Snow and Ice (ICSI), consists of an exhaustive study 

 of the polynya or semipermanent ice-free area in northern Baffin 

 Bay. Programs in meteorology and biology as well as physical ocean- 

 ography are included in the study of the polynya, also known as the 

 North Water. 



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