502 
just concluded 4 days of rather intensive hearings on these interna- 
tional issues. The subcommittee heard from ‘a variety of witnesses, in- 
cluding representatives from the oceanographic, mining, fisheries, and 
petroleum industries; we also listened to experts in the fields of arms 
control, international law, and foreign relations. 
Here I think it important to point out that, with the single excep- 
tion of the petroleum industry, all of the subcommittee’s witnesses 
testified that the United States must do everything in its power to 
secure as soon as possible a meaningful multilateral agreement on the 
ocean space issue. 
With some of our Government agencies acting as lawyers on behalf 
of particular interests, with Commerce and Interior following the 
interests of the oil industry, and with the Defense Department having 
its problems, it is interesting to note that the State Department is 
really without a policy on this issue at present, and 1s even reluctant to 
state categorically that this matter must be settled by an international 
arrangement. 
In fact our present policy today is a no-policy policy. I might point 
out, however, that Dr. G. Warren Nutter, Assistant Secretary of De- 
fensé for International Security Affairs, testified before the Subcom- 
mittee on Ocean Space that such an arrangement 1s mandatory and 
that the United States must proceed with all deliberate speed on this 
matter. My best guess is that this whole question, having proved a little 
too hot to handle by the Department of State, is now on its way for 
decision by the White House or the National Security Council. 
In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, I hope that this committee will use 
its power and influence to see to it that President Nixon’s administra- 
tion lives up to its promise of providing leadership in defining a regime 
for the deep ocean floor. In the meantime, I fully endorse the sug- 
gestion that, through the United Nations, this country should seek a 
moratorium on claims of national jurisdiction beyond the 200-meter 
isobath. 
Now, there are two further points here that I would like to leave 
with this committee, and I am sure that they are self-evident, but one 
has to look at what the reasons are for a particular policy or viewpoint. 
The mining industry, and by this I mean the hard minerals industry, 
came before our subcommittee and argued strongly for some form of 
international regime. Mr. Wilkey, the general counsel of Kennecott 
Copper, had very specific testimony in this regard. I have been trying 
to analyze in my own mind why the petroleum industry is so adamant- 
ly opposed to this idea and want national jurisdiction over the whole 
Continental Shelf all the way down to the ocean deep. 
In this regard, the petroleum industry has done a wonderful job of 
semantic development in the last few years. When most of us went to 
college, the Continental Shelf was described as the surface of the land 
mass extending out into the oceans. But, in recent years we have 
gradually seen this concept, I think, transformed, perhaps through a 
repetitive process, into a much broader concept; namely the entire 
submerged portion of the continental land mass extending to the 
abysmal deep. 
I firmly believe that the petroleum industry and industry in general 
would be much better off with an international authority in which we 
would probably play a very strong role, such as we play in the World 
