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is, developing new capabilities, new technology, and better ways of 
doing things, supports all the other Government marine functions— 
Government services such as mapping, survey and forcasting, scien- 
tific research, and defense—and certainly promises to lower the costs 
of ocean operations for all agencies involved. 
No matter how the Government organizes, however, I agree with 
Dr. Thomas C. Kavanagh on the functions of the technology develop- 
ment group. In closing, I would hke to quote from Dr. Kavanagh’s 
identification of those functions in his statement to this committee on 
May 14, 1969: 
1. Support and coordinate the long-range engineering research and deveilop- 
ment required for implementing the U.S. Government’s current and future func- 
tions and missions in the marine environment. 
2. Collect, generalize, and disseminate scientific research and engineering re- 
search and development data and information concerned with the ocean. 
3. Avoid unintentional duplication of engineering development within U.S. 
Government agencies. 
4. Provide a forum to coordinate, as appropriate, the research, the long-range 
engineering development, and the short-range engineering development among 
the U.S. Government, the private sector, and State governments. 
Thank you for the opportunity of presenting this statement. I 
would be happy to answer any questions you would like to ask. 
Mr. Lennon. Thank you very much, Mr. Wheaton. 
Throughout your statement there is a theme of Federal and private 
cooperation, each being left to do that for which it is best fitted. In 
your estimate, would the Federal organization be best fitted to accom- 
plish this cooperative venture into the oceans? Are there other orga- 
nizations that would be better equipped 4 
Mr. Wueaton. I take your question to mean whether the U.S. Goy- 
ernment or State and local governments are best fitted to work in 
cooperation with the private segment—universities, institutes, and 
industry. 
I think there is an important role for each segment—but perhaps 
the key role is leadership by the U.S. Government. Great risks and 
difficulties must be met and overcome in order to make the ocean 
routinely available to mankind. Under the Federal system of govern- 
mental organization, it is the U.S. Government which is best equipped 
to spend public capital on exploratory projects which have long-term 
pay-back periods and very broad benefits. This is especially true in 
ocean exploration projects of both the scientific type (geophysical 
and biological) and the engineering type (leading to advanced 
technology). 
Mr. Lennon. What safeguards, if any can and should be created to 
assure that a new effort in the oceans will be a national, as opposed to 
a Federal effort? The question is intended to differentiate between 
Federal assistance to the private sphere and Federal development of 
operational capacities. 
Mr. Wuearon. The Commission appropriately placed heavy empha- 
sis on the importance of a national as opposed to Federal ocean pro- 
gram. The technology panel report, on page VI-23, says: 
The states and regions, private enterprise, the academic community, and the 
U.S. Government all have vital roles to play. These roles can be responsive and 
coordinated only if they are provided with a means for cooperative long-range 
planning and national guidance. 
